Tropical feeds and ruminal methane emissions. Anuraga Jayanegara

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1 Tropical feeds and ruminal methane emissions Anuraga Jayanegara

2 Outline: 1. Tropical feeds 2. Methane formation in the rumen 3. Ruminal methane emissions from tropical feeds 2

3 Tropical feeds 3

4 The Tropics 4

5 Tropical feed resources Pastures & Fodder Grasses Legumes Browse Multi-purpose plants Crop residues Straws / Stovers Legume hays Horticulture residues Agroindustrial by-products Starch sources Oil sources Juice production Alcohol production Animal meals 5

6 Some examples Rice straw Pennisetum purpureum Leucaena leucocephala Manihot esculenta 6

7 Characteristics of tropical feeds Agroindustrial By-products Fed directly, residues from processing Pastures & fodder Whole plants exclusively for animal feed Crop residues Residues from ripe plants Energy & protein content Cell wall content Pastures and fodder: containing considerable amount of plant secondary compounds such as tannins and saponins 7

8 Quality comparison between tropical and temperate grasses 8

9 Influence of age on yield and digestibility of tropical grasses 9

10 Methane formation in the rumen 10

11 Methane in the atmosphere Source: 11

12 Natural and anthropogenic sources of current atmospheric methane Source: 12

13 90% CH4 Gas Methane formation in ruminants Microbial fermentation Enzymatic digestion Microbial fermentation 10% CH4 Gas Endogenous components SCFA Glucose, Lipids & Amino acids SCFA Microorganisms 13

14 Rumen system: anaerobic Macromolecules: Fat/Lipids Carbohydrates: Proteins Starch Fibre microbial fermentation: breakdown by microbial (saturation) sugars rumen peptides enzymes to glucose amino acids major catabolic pathway: glycolysis (various) anaerobic! Fermentation products and resorption of Acetyl-CoA host metabolism: short chain fatty acids (Gas) GI tract aerobic! TCC Endoxidation CO 2 H 2 O ATP NAD(P)H

15 SCFA formation Pyruvate NADH 2 NAD Lactate! CO 2 NAD Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetate NADH 2 ADP ATP! CO 2 CO 2 NAD NADH 2! 2NADH 2 2NAD ADP NAD NADH 2 CO 2 Oxalacetat NADH 2 NAD NADH 2 ADP NAD Major SCFA: Acetate C2 Propionate C3 Butyrate C4 ATP Butyrate ATP CO 2 Propionate 15

16 NADH-Fd-Oxidoreductase (Fd = Ferredoxin) H 2 Fd Fd-H NAD NADH 2 Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA CO 2 ADP ATP Acetate kinase! Acetate No H-acceptor molecule Release of molecular hydrogen H 2 is toxic to rumen fermentation Only possible in mixed culture with H 2 -consuming organisms! 16

17 H2 consumption by methanogenesis ADP ATP H 2 Hydrogenase Formyl-MF Uptake of CO 2 and H 2 detoxification of rumen ecosystem Stepwise reduction of CO 2 CO 2 2(H) 2(H) Formyl-MPt Methyl-MPt to a methyl-group, release of CH 4 No free intermediates Special cofactors (methanopterin, coenzyme M) CH 4 is a potent greenhouse gas! Methyl-CoM- Reductase Methyl-CoM Methane ADP ATP(?) 17

18 - Oxydations for energy production are made through dehydrogenations - During oxidation, NAD is reduced to NADH; NADH has to be re-oxidised to NAD to complete the fermentation 2H + NAD + NADHH + NADHH + NAD + + H 2 - H2 must be eliminated to maintain the hydrogenase activity and to avoid negative feedback on microbial activity CO 2 + 4H 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 O CH4 is an essential metabolic pathway for H removal in rumen; however, it must be optimised for energy efficiency and more ecologically friendly 18

19 Possible microbial-intervention sites for lowering ruminant methane Source: 19

20 Ruminal methane emissions from tropical feeds 20

21 Hohenheim Gas Test (HFT) in vitro In vitro incubation hours Rumen fluid Gas production CH 4 Feed 21

22 Canya indica Hibiscus tiliaceous Manihot esculenta Carica papaya Morinda citrifolia Ipomoea batatas Melia azadirach Sesbania grandiflora Persea americana Erythrina orientalis Acacia mangium Cycas rumphii Leucaena diversifolia Leucaena leucocephala Paspalum dilatatum Mimosa invisa Lantana camara Psidium guajava Artocarpus heterophyllus Myristica fragran Pithecelobium jiringa Clidemia hirta Albizzia falcataria Calliandra calothyrsus Eugenia aquea Acacia villosa CH4 (ml/100 ml gas) IVOMD (mg/100 mg) Swietenia mahagoni

23 Source: Soliva et al. (2008) 23

24 24

25 25

26 Relationships phenolic fractions and methane 60 CH4/IVOMD (ml/g) Y = X R 2 = 0.71*** Total phenols (g/kg DM) 26

27 CH4/IVOMD (ml/g) Y = X R 2 = 0.21* CH4/IVOMD (ml/g) Y = X R 2 = 0.55*** Non-tannin phenols (g/kg DM) Total tannins (g/kg DM) 27

28 CH4/IVOMD (ml/g) Y = X R 2 = 0.35** CH4/IVOMD (ml/g) Y = X R 2 = 0.36** Condensed tannins (g/kg DM) Hydrolysable tannins (g/kg DM) 28

29 Screening method: PCA The screening methods are mainly performed based on univariate or bivariate approaches. Indeed, many variables in the feeds need to be considered including proximate composition, cell wall constituents, secondary metabolites, rumen fermentation products, digestibility and CH4 itself. Source: Multivariate statistical approach such as PCA? 29

30 1.0 Low CH4/ total gas Non-fiber ch Loading plot of PCA PC2 (21.2%) Low quality TP Bacteria TT HT CT NTP C2 C2/C3 Lignin (sa) Protozoa EE CP C3 IVOMD C5isoC5 Total SCFA Ammonia isoc4 High quality -0.5 ph C4 CH4/total gas ADFom andfom PC1 (37.0%) High CH4/ total gas 30

31 PC2 (21.2%) Myristica fragrans Low CH4/ total gas Eugenia aquea Swietenia mahagoni 27 Acacia villosa 2 Clidemia hirta Morinda citrifolia 10 7 High quality Carica papaya Manihot esculenta Sesbania grandiflora PC1 (37.0%) 31

32 Study using purified tannins CH4 decrease (%) Hydrolysable tannins Condensed tannins 0,5 mg/ml 0,75 mg/ml 1,0 mg/ml Tannin concentration Chesnut Mimosa Quebracho Sumach Source: Jayanegara et al. (2009) 32

33 Meta-analysis from in vivo studies y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = OMD (%) CH4/OMD (l/kg) Tannin (g/kg DM) Tannin (g/kg DM) y = e x R 2 = Protozoa (10^5/ml) Tannin (g/kg DM) 33

34 Ruminal methanogens attached to protozoal species interspecies H transfer Protozoa-associated methanogens contribute up to 37% of total rumen methane emissions Removal of protozoa from the rumen (defaunation) CH 4 production Protozoon colonized by methanogens 34

35 That s all. 35

36 Thank you very much for your attention! 36

ESTIMATION OF METHANE EMISSION GENERATED FROM TROPICAL PLANTS FERMENTATION IN RUMEN ENVIRONMENT IN VITRO USING VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION

ESTIMATION OF METHANE EMISSION GENERATED FROM TROPICAL PLANTS FERMENTATION IN RUMEN ENVIRONMENT IN VITRO USING VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION IKHSAN, T. TOHARMAT and A. JAYANEGARA Department of Nutrition