Effect of Protein and Energy Intake by Primiparous Sows During Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance and Sow Serum Thyroxine and Urea Concentrations

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1 University f Nebraska - Lincln DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science Animal Science Department 1987 Effect f Prtein and Energy Intake by Primiparus Sws During Lactatin n Sw and Litter Perfrmance and Sw Serum Thyrxine and Urea Cncentratins J. H. Brendemuhl University f Flrida A. J. Lewis University f Nebraska-Lincln, alewis2@unl.edu E. R. Pe, Jr. University f Nebraska-Lincln Fllw this and additinal wrks at: Part f the Animal Sciences Cmmns Brendemuhl, J. H.; Lewis, A. J.; and Pe, Jr., E. R., "Effect f Prtein and Energy Intake by Primiparus Sws During Lactatin n Sw and Litter Perfrmance and Sw Serum Thyrxine and Urea Cncentratins" (1987). Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science This Article is brught t yu fr free and pen access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln. It has been accepted fr inclusin in Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science by an authried administratr f DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln.

2 Published in JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 64 (1987), pp Cpyright 1987 American Sciety f Animal Science. Used by permissin EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKE BY PRIMIPAROUS SOWS DURING LACTATION ON SOW AND LITTER PERFORMANCE AND SOW SERUM THYROXINE AND UREA CONCENTRATIONS 1'2 J. H. Brendemuhl 3, A. J. Lewis 4 and E. R. Pe, Jr. University f Nebraska s, Lincln ABSTRACT The effects f prtein and energy intakes by primiparus sws during a 28-d lactatin n thyrxine (T 4) and urea cncentratins in bld serum f sws, and sw and litter perfrmance were examined in tw experiments. Dietary treatments were prtein intakes f 38 (LP) and 76 (HP) g f crude prtein.sw -1 -d -1 and energy intakes f 8 (LE) and 16 (HE) Meal f metabliable energy (ME)-sw -1 *d -1 in a 2 X 2 factrial arrangement. In Exp. 1 (34 sws), neither prtein nr energy intake affected serum T 4 cncentratins. In bth experiments, serum urea cncentratins during lactatin were influenced by bth prtein (P<.O1) and energy (P<.1) intakes. In Exp. 2 (221 sws), sws fed LP r LE lst mre weight (P<.1) during lactatin than sws fed either HP r HE. Backfat lss was greater (P<.O1) in sws fed diets f LE than HE, whereas sws fed HP lst mre backfat (P =.16) than sws fed LP. Pig weights n d 28 were influenced by bth prtein (P<.O1) and energy (P =.38), with sws that were prvided high intakes f either prtein r energy having heavier pigs. Litter weight at weaning was heavier (P<.5) fr sws cnsuming HP. Sws fed LP had larger litters at d 14 (P =.51) and 28 (P =.46) than sws fed HP. Sw energy intake had n effect n litter sie r weight. Percentages f sws in estrus by 7, 14 and 35 d pstweaning were higher (P<.O4, P<.3 and P<.6, respectively) fr sws fed HP than LP, whereas sw energy intakes had n effect n the interval frm weaning t first estrus. (Key Wrds: Sws, Lactatin, Bld Serum, Thyrxine, Urea, Estrus.) Intrductin The reprductive efficiency f first-litter sws is ften relatively pr (King and Williams, 1984a). In particular, there is ften a lng perid between weaning and the initiatin f estrus cycles. Reese et al. (1982a,b) and Nelssen et al. (1985) have reprted that lw energy intakes during lactatin prlng the interval frm weaning t first estrus in primiparus sws. Others (O'Grady and Hanrahan, 1975; Walker et al., 1979) have reprted that lw prtein intakes during lactatin extend the 1Published as Paper N. 8116, Jurnal Series, Nebraska Agr. Res. Div. Research reprted was cnducted under Prject The technical assistance f Mary B. Barnes, Ruth M. Diedrichsen, Jy L. Kvar and Ken A. Pearsn is gratefully acknwledged. 3 Present address: Anita. Sci. Dept., Inst. f Fd and Agr. Sci., Univ. f Flrida, Gainesville T whm reprint requests shuld be addressed. 5 Dept. f Anita. Sci. Received July 28, Accepted Nvember 19, interval frm weaning t initiatin f estrus cycles. King and Williams (1984b) fund that lw intakes f bth prtein and energy increased the number f days frm weaning t first estms, and that sws fed a diet adequate in prtein but restricted in energy were delayed in return t estrus. Reese (1983) bserved that sws that were fed diets restricted in energy during lactatin and that failed t return t estrus appeared t be hyperactive. He suggested that the sws might be hyperthyrid and that this might have caused the delay in return t estrus after weaning. In cntrast, Nelssen et al. (1984) reprted that sws that were fed diets restricted in energy during lactatin and that did nt return t estrus had lwer cncentratins f serum thyrxine (T4) and triidthyrnine pstweaning than sws that were fed diets restricted in energy and that did return t estrus. The bjectives f the research reprted herein were t determine the effects f different intakes f prtein and energy during lactatin n sw and litter perfrmance, sw serum T4 and urea cncentratins, and the percentage f sws in estrus by d 7, 14 and 35 pstweaning. 16 J. Anita. Sci :16-169

3 PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKES BY SOWS 161 Experimental Prcedure General. Crssbred primiparus sws (Landrace x Large White x Hampshire Durc) were fed 1.8 kg" sw -1 9 d -1 f a diet cntaining 12% crude prtein during gestatin (table 1). At parturitin, sws were randmly assigned within replicatin t fur diets that were fed during a 28-d lactatin. Dietary treatments cnsisted f tw prtein intakes 38 (LP) and 76 (HP) g f crude prtein" sw -1.d -1 and tw energy intakes 8 (LE) and 16 (HE) Mcal f metabliable energy (ME)" sw-- 1. d- 1 in a 2 x 2 factrial arrangement. Dietary treatments were designated as LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, and are presented in table 1. All sws received equal daily quantities f vitamins and minerals, which met r exceeded Natinal Research Cuncil (NRC, 1979) recmmendatins. Sws were given their daily feed allwance in ne feeding during the mrning. On d 11 f gestatin, sws were weighed and backfat thickness (first rib, last rib and last lumbar vertebra) was determined ultrasnically. The sws were then mved int farrwing stalls. Sws and pigs were weighed within 24 h after parturitin. Litter sie was standardied by transferring pigs within blck (a blck representing the fur dietary treatments) and then between blcks (ther grups f fur sws) until d 3 pstpartum. Creep feed was nt prvided and pig access t sw feed was cnsidered minimal. On d 14 and 28 f lactatin sws and pigs were weighed, and backfat thickness f the sws was determined. After weaning, sws were mved int gestatin stalls and fed 1.8 kg-sw-l"d -1 f the gestatin diet. Sws were checked fr estrus nce daily by mving the sw t a cmmn pen with a bar. A sw was cnsidered t be in estrus when she std t be munted by the bar. The experimental prtcl was cntinued until the secnd day f standing estrus. If estrus was nt detected by 35 d pstweaning, bld samples that had been cllected n a weekly basis were analyed fr prgesterne. TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF GESTATION AND LACTATION DIETS a Ingredient Gestatin diet b 5.8 d 216 e Lactatin diet c LE-LP HE-LP LE-HP HE-HP Tallw, bleachable fancy Crn 1, ,8 1, Crnstarch 1,713 1,713 Sybean meal ,45 1,45 Wheat bran Limestne Dicalcium phsphate Salt Trace mineral mix f Vitamin mixg Selenium premix h Ttal feed, g/d 1,8 2,611 4,539 2,732 4,66 avalues represent amunts (g/d) f each ingredient. bthe diet was calculated t prvide 16.2 g/d f Ca and 14.6 g/d f P. CAll diets were calculated t prvide 35.5 g/d f Ca and 24.8 g/d f P. denergy, Mcal metabliable energy/d. eprtein, g/d. fcmpsitin (%) : n, 2 ; Fe, 1 ; Mn, 5.5 ; Cu, 1.1 ; I,.15. gcmpsitin per kg f premix: vitamin A (stabilied), 551,146 IU; vitamin D 3 (stabilied), 55,115 IU; ribflavin, 551 mg; d-pantthenic acid, 1,984 mg; niacin, 3,37 mg; chline chlride, 55,115 nag; vitamin B~2, 1.65 rag; menadine sdium bisulfite, 22 mg; ethxyquin,.44 g; vitamin E, 2,25 IU. h Cmpsitin (%): Se,.2.

4 162 BRENDEMUHL ET AL. Sws that had nt exhibited estrus by d 35 pstweaning were slaughtered and their reprductive tracts were examined. Prgesterne was determined by the methd f Anthny et al. (1981). The purpse f the prgesterne analyses was t indicate whether a functinal crpus luteum had develped n the varies f sws that had nt been detected in estrus. The presence f luteal tissue n the vary was indicated if the prgesterne cncentratin was > 5 ng/ml f serum. Therefre, it was assumed that sws with prgesterne cncentratins f >5 ng/ml had vulated withut expressing a detectable behaviral estrus. Exp. I. Thirty-fur sws were used in this experiment. Sws were bled 3.5 h after feeding n d 1 and 17 f gestatin, d, 7, 14, 21 and 28 f lactatin, and weekly pstweaning until the secnd day f standing estrus. Venus bld was btained frm the brachial regin in an evacuated glass tube and allwed t clt (apprximately 3 min). Bld samples were then placed in ice and stred in a refrigeratr at 4 C until centrifugatin (1,4 x g fr 16 min, at 2 C) t separate serum. Serum was stred at --2 C until analyed. Serum samples were analyed fr T4 cncentratins by duble antibdy radiimmunassay6. All determinatins f serum 1"4 were made within a single assay with an intra-assay cefficient f variatin f 1.%. Serum urea cncentratins were determined by the autmated prcedure f Marsh et al. (1965). Statistical analysis f serum T4 and urea cncentratins was by least-squares analysis f cvariance (SAS, 1979; Steel and Trrie, 198). Cncentratins f serum T4 n d 1 and 17 f gestatin were used as cvariates fr serum T4, and cncentratins f serum urea n d 1 and 17 f gestatin were used as cvariates fr serum urea. Exp. 2. Tw hundred twenty-ne sws were used in this experiment. The sws farrwed in June, Nvember and December f 1983 and January, June and Nvember f 1984 (replicatins i thrugh 6, respectively). The experimental regimen was the same as fr Exp. 1, with the fllwing exceptins: 1) sws were bled nly n d 11 f gestatin, and d 14 and 28 f 6Antibdies Incrprated, P. O. Bx 442, Davis, CA lactatin fr serum urea; 2) sws were bled n d 15 pstweaning and weekly thereafter fr prgesterne analyses if they had nt been detected in estrus and 3) serum T4 was nt analyed. Prtein and energy effects n sw weight and backfat changes were analyed using least-squares analysis f cvariance. Average backfat thickness n d 11 f gestatin, pstpartum sw weight and litter sie n d 3 pstpartum were used as cvariates. Litter sie 3 d pstpartum was the nly cvariate used in the analysis f pig perfrmance. Serum urea was tested by least-squares analysis f variance. Percentages f sws in estrus by d 7, 14 and 35 pstweaning were tested using a chi-square cntingency table (Cnver, 1971), apprpriate fr categrical data. Results and Discussin Exp. 1, The effects f prtein and energy intake by primiparus sws during lactatin n serum cncentratins f Ta and urea are presented in figures 1 and 2, respectively. Cncentratins f serum T4 and urea n d 1 and 17 f gestatin were used as cvariates because f variatins in these measurements amng animals prir t initiatin f treatments. Prbability values fr the cvariates used in the analyses f serum T4 and urea are presented in table 2. Althugh the prbability values indicated significance at sme pints, the verall 354,p *---erie HP _~25 ", X ",.--4 * ' ~-. / Day f Lactatin // Eatrua Return Figure 1. Serum thyrxine cncentratins f primiparus sws at parturitin, weekly intervals during lactatin and estrus return (Exp. 1). Sws were fed diets cntaining LP r HP, 38 r 76 g f crude prtein-sw -l*d -t, respectively, and LE r HE, 8 r 16 Mcal f MEsw -1.d -1, respectively, in a 2 2 factrial arrangement. Prtein energy interactin at d 14 and 28 (P =.83).

5 PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKES BY SOWS I /..-'~ I I I ".---"'" ", k a; 3.,'.-,,-" ' ' s,i -"... ~'ql ", I.."~'~----~r ~, N 'a~----le HP!2-,~ 1 ~',~"e e----ehe HP ~ e ~ LELP - - HE LP 7 1'4 21 2'8 Day f Lactatin Eatrua Return Figure 2. Serum urea cncentratins f primiparus sws at parturitin, weekly intervals during lactatin and estrus return (Exp. 1). Dietary treatments were the same as thse described fr figure 1. Prtein effect (P<.O1); energy effect (P<.O1) ; prtein energy interactin (P<.O5). effect f the cvariates did nt alter the general pattern that was bserved fr cncentratins f serum T4 and urea befre adjustment. Cncentratins f serum T4 were nt influenced by either prtein r energy intake during lactatin. Hwever, a prtein energy interactin (P =.83) was bserved n d 14 and 28 f lactatin, with sws fed the HE-LP diet having lwer cncentratins f serum T4 than that f sws fed the ther diets. This interactin ccurred because f the respnse f prtein level t increased energy. Cncentratins f serum Ta increased when energy was added t the HP diet, whereas the ppsite effect ccurred when energy was added t the LP diet. There was a similar respnse n d 21 f lactatin but the interactin was nt significant (P =.443). Mean cncentratins f serum T4 were lwer during lactatin than during gestatin r n the secnd day f standing estrus. These results are in agreement with thse reprted fr ther species. Vanjnack and Jhnsn (1975) and Heitman and Mallinsn (~972) reprted negative crrelatins between tactatinal intensity (milk yield) and plasma thyrxine in dairy cws. Similar findings were reprted by Lrscheider and Reineke (1971) fr lactating rats, by Flambe and Reineke (1959) fr lactating gats and by Katvich et al. (1974) fr lactating mares. Nelssen et al. (1984) reprted lwer T4 cncentratins n the day befre weaning in sws fed 16 Mcal f ME'sw -l"d -I than in sws fed 8 Mcal f ME'sw -1 "d-1 9 They als reprted a rise in serum T4 after weaning. The increased cncentratin f serum T4 bserved at estrus return in ur experiment is cnsistent with the data f Nelssen et al. (1984). The data indicate that sws restricted in energy intake during lactatin d nt becme hyperthyrid, but may in fact becme hypthyrid. TABLE 2. PROBABILITY VALUES FOR THE COVARIATES USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF SERUM THYROXINE AND UREA IN SOWS Thyrxine Item 1 a 17 b 1 c 17 d Day flactatin Day f ~trusreturn Urea athe average serum thyrxine f sws n d 1 f gestatin was 27.2, 22.1, 26.2 and 28.5 ng/1 ml fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively. bthe average serum thyrxine f sws n d 17 f gestatin was 21., 19.2, 21.4 and 21.9 ng/1 ml fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively. CThe average serum urea f sws n d 1 f gestatin was 17.3, 18., 16.6 and 17.8 mg/lo ml fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively. dthe average serum urea f sws n d 17 f gestatin was 17.9, 18., 17.3 and 16.8 mg/1 ml fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively.

6 164 BRENDEMUHL ET AL.... ~ ~ AAA AAA < [-. M ~,'O [.r.~ -,-( ~ " x v..~,1 t- b r~ [.r.l,,-~ ~ /!.~- "n < [.., ~ Ill ~ II] v [.., M <

7 PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKES BY SOWS 165 Prtein (P<.1), energy (P<.1) and prtein x energy interactin (P<.5) effects n serum urea are shwn in figure 2. Serum urea increased as lactatin prgressed in all sws except thse fed the HE-LP diet. Sws fed HP had higher (P<.1) cncentratins f serum urea than sws fed LP at each bleeding during lactatin. Furthermre, sws cnsuming LE had higher (P<.1) cncentratins f serum urea than sws fed HE. An increase in energy intake frm 8 t 16 Mcal ME,sw--l.d -1 resulted in a decrease in serum urea regardless f prtein intake. The decrease in serum urea was greater in sws fed HE-HP than HE-LP, resulting in a prtein energy interactin (P<.O5). Sws that were fed HP had higher (P =.37) cncentratins f serum urea than sws fed LP at the time f return t estrus, but energy had n effect n urea cncentratin. Reese et al. (1982a,b) and Nelssen et al. (1985) used serum urea as an index t determine the extent f amin acid catablism, with the assumptin that cncentratin f serum urea is psitively crrelated with amin acid catablism. The data reprted herein indicate that amin acid catablism was greater in sws fed HP than LP, and als was greater in sws fed LE than HE. Apparently, amin acid catablism increased as lactatin prgressed, except fr the HE-LP diet. This presumably reflects a greater need fr glucse and ther energy substrates as the milk yield f the sws increased between d 7 and 28 f lactatin. Exp. 2. The effects f prtein and energy intakes n sw perfrmance are presented in table 3. Prbability values fr the cvariates used in the analysis f sw perfrmance are presented in table 4. Backfat n d 11 f gestatin, pst-farrwing sw weight and litter sie n d 3 pstpartum were used as cvariates t remve the prtin f the variatin in lactatin weight and backfat changes f sws that were assciated with these factrs. Weight lss was greater in sws fed LP r LE (P<.1) than in sws fed either HP r HE during the first 14 and secnd 14 d f lactatin. Thus, cnsumptin f diets cntaining LP r LE increased (P<.1) sw weight lss during the entire 28-d lactatin. A prtein x energy interactin was bserved fr the first 14 d (P<.1), the secnd 14 d (P<.6) and the entire 28-d lactatin (P<.1). Weight changes during each 14-d perid and the entire 28-d lactatin displayed the same prtein x energy interactin in which sw weight lss decreased in respnse t energy t a greater extent when prtein intake was high. Sws fed LE lst mre backfat than sws fed HE during the first 14 d (P<.1), the secnd 14 d (P<.1) and cnsequently during the entire 28-d lactatin (P<.1). An effect ppsite t that f energy was exhibited with prtein. Backfat lss was nt influenced by prtein (P =.399) during the first 14 d, but sws fed diets with HP cntent lst mre backfat during the secnd 14 d (P =.56) and, TABLE 4. PROBABILITY VALUES FOR THE COVARIATES USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF SOW PERFORMANCE Item BF11D a PFWT b LS3D c Lactatin wt change, kg t 14 d t 28 d t 28 d Lactatin backfat change, mm t 14 d t 28 d t 28 d athe average backfat thickness f sws n d 11 f gestatin (BF11D) was 27.9, 28., 28.2 and 27.2 mm fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively. bthe average pst-farrwing weight (PFWT) f sws was 156.5, 156.4, 156. and kg fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively. CThe average litter sie n d 3 (LS3D) was 9.5, 9.8, 9.5 and 9.8 fr diets LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively.

8 166 BRENDEMUHL ET AL. during the entire 28-d lactatin (P =.16), than sws cnsuming diets cntaining LP. There were n significant prtein energy interactins fr either f the 14<1 perids r fr the entire 28<1 lactatin. The data f the present experiment agree with previusly reprted effects f energy restrictin (Adam and Shearer, 1975; O'Grady et al., 1975; Reese et al., 1982a,b; Nelssen et al., 1985), and f prtein restrictin (Mahan and Mangan, 1975; Greenhalgh et al., 1977; NCR-42, 1978) during lactatin n sw perfrmance. King and Williams (1984b) fund weight changes during lactatin (average length 32 d) t be , -32.5, and -3.9 kg fr LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP treatments, respectively, whereas the crrespnding sw weight changes in ur experiment were -26.1, -18., -2. and -3.7 kg. Similar results were bserved fr backfat changes, with King and Williams (1984b) reprting changes f -5.4, -1.4, -2.2 and.3 mm fr LE-LP, HE-LP, LE-HP and HE-HP, respectively; crrespnding changes in ur experiment were -11.3, -7.4, and -6.5 mm. Stahly et al. (1979) have shwn that even when sws are allwed feed ad libitum they catablie bdy tissue in early lactatin and lse weight. Results frm ur experiment and thse f King and Williams (1984b) demnstrate that sws fed diets cntaining HE-LP and LE-HP had similar weight lsses but large differences in backfat lss, indicating that the cmpsitin f the weight lss may be different. Percentages f sws in estms by d 7, 14 and 35 pstweaning are als presented in table 3. A higher percentage f sws fed the HP diets returned t estrus by d 7 (P<.4), 14 (P<.3) and 35 (P<.6) pstweaning mpared with sws fed the LP diets. Energy intake did nt influence return t estrus, but a slight imprvement was bserved when energy intake was increased in the HP diet. N prtein x energy interactins were fund at either 7, 14 r 35 d pstweaning fr return t es~rus. A ttal f 41 sws were bled fr prgesterne analysis. Only ne sw that did nt exhibit a behaviral estrus had an increase in prgesterne indicative f a functinal crpus luteum. A prgesterne cncentratin > 5 ng/ml indicated that this sw prbably vulated between d 1 and 17 pstweaning. Furthermre, f the sws that were slaughtered and their reprductive tracts cllected and examined, nly ne displayed an abnrmal tract. This sw had tw large (> 3 mm diameter) cystic fllicles n the varies. Our finding that estrus was delayed when sws were fed diets cntaining LP is similar t that f O'Grady and Hanrahan (1975), and King and Williams (1984b). Hwever, the effect f energy intake in ur experiment was smewhat in cntrast t the reprts f Reese et al. (1982a,b) and Nelssen et al. (1985) in which they nted that sws fed 8 r 1 Mcal f ME'sw--I,d-X exhibited lnger intervals frm weaning t estrus than sws cnsuming 12, 14 r 16 Meal f ME'sw -1 -d -1. Nevertheless, in ur experiment a slight (nnsignificant) respnse was bserved when energy intake was increased in the diet cntaining HP, with a higher percentage f sws in estrus by d 7, 14 and 35 pstweaning when fed the diet cntaining HE-HP than when fed the LE-HP diet. Hwever, the respnse t increased energy was ppsite in the diets cntaining LP, with fewer sws in estrus by d 7, 14 and 35 pstweaning when fed HE-LP than when fed LE-LP. Thus the effect f energy was negated. The cmbinatin f LP and HE pssibly restricted the amunt f prtein available fr metablic functins even mre than the LE-LP cmbinatin, because f an increased need fr synthesis f milk prteins. As energy was increased in the LP diet there was a cnsequent increase in pig and litter weights. The influences f prtein and energy intakes by sws n pig perfrmance are presented in table 5. Litter sie n d 3 pstpartum was.used as a cvariate t remve the prtin f the variatin in pig perfrmance that was assciated with differences in litter sie n d 3 pstpartum. Pig weight n d 14 was nt affected by prtein (P =.295) r energy intake (P =.395). Hwever, bth prtein (P<.O1) and energy (P =.38) influenced pig weight n d 28 f lactatin, with sws fed HE r HP having heavier pigs. Energy intake did nt influence litter weight r sie n either d 14 r 28 f lactatin. Litter weights n d 14 were similar fr all treatments, but sws fed HP had heavier litters (P<.5) n d 28 than sws fed LP. Litter sie was smaller fr sws fed HP than sws fed LP n bth d 14 (P =.51) and d 28 (P =.46) f lactatin. The data reptted herein are in agreement with results f Reese et al. (1982a,b) and Nelssen et al. (1985), wh fund an increase in pig weight as dietary energy intake in lactatin increased. Furthermre, Mahan and Mangan (1975), Greenhalgh et al. (1977) and NCR-42

9 PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKES BY SOWS 167 qa Ca EL ul [.., < [-., t~ 8 ee v,--t =, X r~ Ca v. a2,.a da < [.., x,.a ;a.n E ~ N ~, I- Ca r~,.-1 v.=.. ~4,.-1 _ e "r ~ee ta eel

10 168 BRENDEMUHL ET AL. IB I # / i i / t I i e It'-"... J,---ALE HP i s j e----4he HP i / /..- i ILE LP e s / ~ : :-PIE LP // 1 loj Day f Getatin Day f Lactatin Figure 3. Serum urea cncentratins f primiparus sws in late gestatin and lactatin (Exp. 2). Dietary treatments were the same as thse described fr figure 1. Prtein effect (P<,O1); energy effect (P<.1);prtein X energy interactin (P<.O1). (1978) have shwn an increase in pig weight when a diet high in prtein was fed t sws during lactatin. Our finding that litter weight was nt influenced by sw energy intake is in agreement with the findings f Elsley et al. (1968) and Adam and Shearer (1975). Hwever, ur data are in cntrast t reprted effects f energy restrictin by Reese et al. (1982a,b) and Nelssen et al. (1985), wh demnstrated that litter weight was reduced in sws fed 8 Mcal f ME'sw -l"d -1. Althugh there was a trend twards heavier litters in sws fed the HE diets in ur experiment (P =.112), it was negated by the heavy litters f sws fed LE-HP. Apparently, the additinal prtein fed t sws cnsuming LE-HP cmpensated fr the inadequate energy intake and therefre litter weight was nt influenced by the LE intake f thse sws. Sws fed diets cntaining HP als had heavier litters (P<.5) n d 28 f lactatin than sws fed diets cntaining LP. The data n litter sie are in agreement with the findings f Mahan and Mangan (1975), Greenhalgh et al. (1977) and NCR-42 (1978), in which there was a decrease in litter sie in sws fed HP diets when cmpared with sws fed diets cntaining LP. N explanatin fr this reductin in litter sie was given by the previus authrs. In the presdnt research high circulating levels f serum urea were bserved in sws fed HP diets. Mahan and Hilmer (1984) reprted that sws fed urea during lactatin had elevated serum urea, and that mammary tissue transfers a prtin f the urea t the milk; thus increasing milk urea. Hwever, they als fund that serum urea in yung pigs cnsuming milk frm sws fed urea was nt elevated. Thus, urea txicity by transfer f urea frm sws t pigs via the milk des nt seem t be a likely explanatin fr the reduced litter sie. Prtein (P<.1) and energy (P<.1) affected cncentratins f serum urea (figure 3). A prtein energy interactin (P<.1) als was bserved in which the cncentratin f serum urea increased in respnse t prtein t a greater extent when energy cntent f the diet was lw. The results f this experiment were similar t thse reprted fr Exp. 1. The findings f Exp. 2 demnstrate that sws fed diets restricted in prtein and(r) energy during lactatin lse a cnsiderable amunt f weight. Hwever, backfat lss appears t be mre energy-dependent than prtein-dependent, thus the cmpsitin f the weight lss under varius feeding regimens may be quite different. Literature Cited Adam, J. L. and I. J. Shearer Effects n sw and litter perfrmance f energy intake in lactatin and feeding patterns fllwing weaning. New ealand J. Exp. Agr. 3:55. Anthny, R. V., R. J. Kittk, E. F. Ellingtn and M. K. Nielsen Effect f earanl n grwth and ease f calf delivery in beef heifers. J. Anita. Sci. 53:1325. Cnver, W. J Practical Nnpararnetric Statistics. Jhn Wiley and Sns, Inc., New Yrk. Elsley, F.W.H., R. M. MacPhersn and I. McDnald The influence f intake f dietary energy in pregnancy and lactatin upn sw prductivity. J. Agr. Sci. (Camb.) 71:215. Flambe, E. E. and E. P. Reineke Estimatin f thyrid secretin rates in dairy gats and measurements f 1131 uptake and release with regard t age, lactatin and seasn f the year. J. Anim. Sci. 18:1135. Greenhalgh, J.F.D., F.W.H. Elsley, D. A. Grubb, A. L. Lightft, D. W. Saul, P. Smith, N. Walker, D. Williams and M. L. Ye Crdinated trials n the prtein requirements f sws. 1. A cmparisn f fur levels f dietary prtein in gestatin and tw in lactatin. Anim. Prd. 24:37. Heitman, R. J. and C. B. Mallinsn A cmparisn f the thyrxine level in the plasma f healthy, starved and acetnaemic dairy cws. Res. Vet. Sci. 13:591. Katvich, M., J. W. Evans and O. Sanche Effects f seasn pregnancy and lactatin n thyrxine turnver in the mare. J. Anim. Sci. 38:811. King, R. H. and 1. H. Williams. 1984a. The effect f nutritin n the reprductive perfrmance f first-litter sws. 1. Feeding level during lactatin, and between weaning and mating. Anim. Prd.

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