"Dried Fat" for Growing-Finishing Swine

Transcription

1 University f Nebraska - Lincln DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science Animal Science Department 1983 "Dried Fat" fr Grwing-Finishing Swine K. E. Keaschall DeKalb Feeds, Inc. B. D. Mser University f Missuri E. R. Pe, Jr. University f Nebraska-Lincln A. J. Lewis University f Nebraska-Lincln, alewis2@unl.edu T. D. Crenshaw University f Wiscnsin See next page fr additinal authrs Fllw this and additinal wrks at: Part f the Animal Sciences Cmmns Keaschall, K. E.; Mser, B. D.; Pe, Jr., E. R.; Lewis, A. J.; Crenshaw, T. D.; and Butler, Win, ""Dried Fat" fr Grwing-Finishing Swine" (1983). Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science This Article is brught t yu fr free and pen access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln. It has been accepted fr inclusin in Faculty Papers and Publicatins in Animal Science by an authrized administratr f DigitalCmmns@University f Nebraska - Lincln.

2 Authrs K. E. Keaschall; B. D. Mser; E. R. Pe, Jr.; A. J. Lewis; T. D. Crenshaw; and Win Butler This article is available at f Nebraska - Lincln:

3 Published in JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 54 (1983), pp. 56: & 1255 Cpyright 1983 American Sciety f Animal Science. Used by permissin "DRIED FAT" FOR GROWING-FINISHING SWINE 1'2 K. E. Keaschall 3, B. D. Mser 4, E. R. Pe, Jr., A. J. Lewis and T. D. Crenshaw s University f Nebraska, Lincln Summary Three trials were cnducted t determine the effect f "dried fat" (fats absrbed n carriers) in diets fr grwing-finishing swine. In trial I pigs receiving diets cntaining 5% added fat gained faster (.74 vs.71 kg/d), cnsumed less feed (1.87 vs 2.43 kg/d) and had a better feed efficiency (2.52 vs 2.88) than pigs fed diets withut added fat (all P.1). Pigs given the "dried fat" treatments gained faster (P.1) and mre efficiendy (P.1) than pigs fed the nnfat carrier cunterpart. "Dried fats" cntaining whey plus fat and wheat bran plus fat prduced similar perfrmance t that bserved with pigs fed a cnventinal tallw diet. Pigs fed verxite plus fat had higher feed intakes and feed:gain ratis (P.1) than pigs n the ther tw "dried fat" treatments. In trial II, diets with 5% added fat had higher (P.1) average apparent energy and prtein digestibilities than the diets withut added fat. Each treatment cntaining "dried fat" resulted in higher (P.O1) apparent energy and prtein digestibilities than did the nnfat cunterpart. The verxite plus fat diet had a lwer apparent prtein and energy digestibility than the bran plus fat and whey plus fat treatments. The third trial was cnducted t determine the interactin between prtein and energy cntent f the diet. Five treatments cntained 14% prtein and five, 18% prtein. "Dried fat" (HMilc 7-6) was added t prvide, 4, 8, 12 and 16% added fat within each prtein level. Average daily gain Published as Paper N. 6768, Jurnal Ser. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. 2 Research supprted in-part by Fats and Prtein Research Fundatin, Des Plaines, IL. 3Present address: DeKalb Feeds Inc., Rck Falls, IL. 4present address: Anita. Sci. Dept., Univ f Mis suri, Clumbia. SPresent address: Anita. Sci. Dept., Univ. f Wiscnsin, Madisn. 286 and feed efficiency imprved linearly (P.1) as the level f added fat increased in the diet. Backfat increased (P.5) as the level f fat increased in the diet. Pigs receiving the 14% prtein diets had mre backfat (P.1) than thse given the 18% prtein diets (3.79 vs 3.52 cm). (Key Wrds: Fat, Prtein, Digestibility, Swine.) I ntrductin Research with swine has shwn that as the energy cncentratin f the diet increases, feed intake will decrease withut adversely affecting gain, thereby resulting in an imprvement in feed efficiency. Hale et al. (1968) and Mser (1977) fund that feed efficiency was imprved with fat additins as lw as 2%. Brks (1972) reprted that sybean il, tallw and mixed fats were equally effective in imprving feed efficiency. McDnald and Hamiltn (1976) als bserved imprved feed efficiency f swine by dietary additins f tallw, rapeseed il and sybean il. Seerley et al. (1978) cncluded that animal fat and pultry fat.were equally effective in imprving feed cnversin f swine. One f the majr prblems in adding fat t swine diets is the preparatin and mixing f the diets. Fats such as tallw r lard must be melted befre being blended int the diet. The melted fat must then be added slwly t prevent slidificatin f the fat befre it is prperly mixed. A number f cmmercially available s-called "dried fat" prducts have been reprted t eliminate the physical prblems f adding fat t diets. "Dried fat" prducts are cmpsed f carrier substances that absrb and retain the fat. These are prducts that can be bagged and added t swine diets like cnventinal supplements. Hwever, the availability f energy in these dried fat prducts is unknwn. The bjectives f these experiments were t determine: 1) the effect f varius fat surces JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vl. 56, N. 2, 1983

4 "DRIED FAT" FOR SWINE 287 and their carriers n weight gain, feed cnversin and carcass characteristics f grwingfinishing swine; 2) the apparent digestible energy f diets cntaining varius fat surces and their carriers and 3) the interactin between prtein and energy cncentratin f the diet. Experimental Prcedure Trial 1. One-hundred-eight crssbred pigs averaging 9 kg were alltted t nine treatment grups f three pens/treatment and fur pigs/pen in a randmized cmplete blck design. The pigs were blcked n the basis f initial weight with equal numbers f barrws and gilts assigned t each treatment. Feed and water were prvided ad libitum. Pigs were weighed and feed intake recrded biweekly. The pigs were taken ff test when the average weight f the pigs in each pen was apprximately 9 kg. Experimental diets (table 1) cnsisted f a crn-sybean meal base. The initial diets were calculated t cntain 18% prtein,.75% Ca and.65% P and were fed frm the time the pigs were put n test until they averaged 36 kg. Frm 36 kg t the end f the trial the pigs received diets cntaining 16% prtein,.65% Ca and.6% P. Treatment 1 served as a cntrl and treatments 4, 6 and 8 cntained the varius carriers withut fat. Treatments 2 and 3 cnmined cnventinal fat surces; tallw and lard, respectively. The added fat fr treatment 5 was chice white grease absrbed n whey6; that fr treatment 7 was tallw absrbed n verxite 7 and that fr treatment 9 was animal fat absrbed n wheat bran s. Tallw (treatment 2), lard (treatment 3) and the three "dried fat" prducts (treatments 5, 7 and 9) prvided 5% added fat t the diets. 6 HMilc 7-6, Prduct f Merrick Fds, Unin Center, WI. Prduct supplied by Fats and Prteins Research Fundatin. s Bran 4-Prduct f Merrick Fds, Unin Center, Wl. 9Scanprbe, Mdel N. 731, Ithaca Inc., 735 West Clintn Street, Ithaca, NY. 1~ Drier Mdel N MR-BA, Virtis Freeze--Mbile and Drying chamber, Virtis, Gerdner, NY. "Tecatc Kjeltec System 13 distilling unit and Kjeltee System 2 digestr, Hganas, Sweden. a~mdei 1241 Adiabatic Calrimeter, Parr Instrument C., Mline, IL. Perfrmance data and live backfat thickness were used as criteria f respnse. Backfat thickness was measured at the first and last rib and last lumbar vertebra with a Scanprbe 9. The average backfat f the three measurements was adjusted t a cmmn weight basis (1 kg) using the frmula f live weight (kg) divided by cmmn weight (1 kg) times average backfat thickness. Data fr all three trials were analyzed using rthgnal cntrasts as described by Steel and Trrie (196). Trial 2. Fifty-fur crssbred barrws with an average initial weight f 34 kg were alltted t nine dietary treatment grups in a randmized cmplete blck design (blcked by initial weight). The dietary treatments were the same as the 16% prtein diets used in Trial 1 except fr the inclusin f.5% chrmic xide. Chrmic xide served as a marker fr the indirect determinatin f apparent energy and prtein digestibilities f the diets accrding t methds described by Lindahl (1959). Feed and water were prvided ad libitum. Pigs were penned individually t prevent crss cntaminatin f feces. Pigs Were allwed t becme accustmed t the pens and diets fr 7 d befre the 3-d cllectin perid. Fecal samples were cllected nce daily n d 8, 9 and 1 by rectal stimulatin. The fecal samples frm each pig fr the 3-d cllectin perid were pled and frzen fr later analysis, as were samples f the diets. The pled fecal samples frm each pig were thawed and mixed in a blender. Deinized water was added t the samples t allw fr prper mixing. Aliquts were then taken frm the ttal 3-d cllectin and freeze-dried 1~ After the samples were dry, the were individually grund thrugh a Wiley mill equipped with a 3-mesh screen t reduce sampling errr. Feed samples were als grund and set ut with the fecal samples fr a 24-h perid t allw the misture f the samples t equilibrate with that f the atmsphere. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed fr dry matter, N, energy and Cr cncentratin. Nitrgen cntent f dietary treatments and fecal sameles was determined using a Kjeltec apparatus ll by prcedures described in AOAC (198). Energy was determined using an xygen bmb calrimeter lu as described by Parr Instrument Cmpany (1978). Chrmium cncentratin was determined by atmic absrptin spectrscpy (Williams et al., 1962).

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6 "DRIED FAT" FOR SWINE 289 Trial 3. Sixty crssbred pigs with an average initial weight f 2 kg were alltted t 1 treatment grups in a randmized cmplete blck design. Pigs were blcked n the basis f initial weight and sex. All pigs were individually fed and weighed biweekly. Pigs were taken ff test when they weighed apprximately 9 kg and carcass data were cllected. Backfat was measured at the first and last rib and last lumbar vetebra. Lin eye tracings were made at the 1th rib and area was determined with a cmpensating planimeter. Subjective clring, marbling and firmness scres were als taken. Of the 1 dietary treatments used, the first five treatments cntained 14% prtein and the last five cntained 18% prtein. Within each prtein level, a cmmercial "dried fat" prduct (HMilc 7-6) 6 was added t prvide, 4, 8, 12 r 16% added fat. Because HMilc 7-6 cntains whey as a fat carrier, the amunt f whey was equalized acrss diets. Lysine levels were als equalized within each prtein level. Results and Di.d;cussin Trial I. The main effect f added fat n perfrmance and backfat thickness is shwn in table 2. Average daffy feed intake (ADFI) was decreased and feed efficiency (F/G) was imprved (P.!) when pigs rec~eived diets cntaining 5% added fat. These findings agree with earlier research by Barrick et al. (1953), Rupnw and Ensminger (1961), Hale et al. (1968), Seerley et al. (1975; 1978), McDnald and Hamiltn (1976) and Mser (1977). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was als imprved (.71 vs.74 kg; P.1) when fat was added t the diet but gain did nt appear t be affected by treatment during the first 42-d f the trial. The bservatin is similar t earlier research by Hillier (195) and Allee (1976). Mser (1977) bserved imprved gains with fat additins f 2, 5, 8 and 1%, but nt with 13% added fat. In cntrast, Seerley et al. (1964; 1975) did nt reprt any imprvement in gain with fat additins f 2, 4, 6, 8 r 9%. Brks (1972) als reprted n imprvement in ADG when feeding levels as high as 1 and 2% added fat. Backfat thickness f pigs that received diets with 5% added fat was nt significantly different frm the backfat f pigs that received diets with n added fat. The effects f the nine dietary treatments n pig perfrmance are shwn in table 3. Pigs fed the "dried fat" treatments cnsumed mre (P.25) feed and had a higher (P.1) FIG TABLE 2. MAIN EFFECT OF ADDED FAT ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING SWINE Item N. f pigs Avg initial weight, kg Avg final weight, kg Average daily gain, kg t 42 d 42 d t terminatin d t terminatin b Average daily feed intake, kg t 42 d 42 d t terminatin d t terminatin b Feed/gain t 42 d 42 d t terminatin d t terminatin b Backfat, cm Treatment a Cntrl 5% added fat CV a18% crude prufin diets with.75% Ca;.65% P fed frm 9 t 36 kg;.6% P fed frm 36 kg t term!inatin. bp.1. 16% crude prtein diets with.65% Ca;

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8 "DRIED FAT" FOR SWINE 291 than thse receiving diets cntaining cnventinal fats. This significant difference Was mainly due t the excellent perfrmance f the pigs given the lard treatment and the pr perfrmance f the pigs given the verxite + fat treatment. The perfrmance f pigs fed the whey + fat and bran + fat treatments was similar t that f pigs receiving the tallw treatment. In cmparing the treatments cntaining "dried fat" with the nnfat cunterparts, weight gain and feed cnversin were imprved (P.1) with the added fat in each instance. The ADFI f pigs that received the whey + fat and wheat bran + fat was lwer than fr pigs that received the nnfat cunterparts. Pigs that received the verxite and thse that received verxite + fat had similar feed intakes, but pigs that received verxite + fat gained faster (P.2) and mre efficiently (P.1). Nne f the differences in backfat thickness were significant. These results are similar t thse reprted by Mser (1977), wh fund n adverse effects f fat n backfat when the fat additin was less than 13% f the diet. Earlier research by Seerley et al. (1964) als revealed n adverse effect n backfat thickness frm additin f either 4 r 8% fat. In cntrast, Allee (1976) reprted increased backfat thickness in pigs fed diets cntaining either 3 r 9% fat. Brks (1972) reprted increased backfat when feeding 1 and 2% fat diets. The three carriers withut fat (whey, verxite and wheat bran) had n effect n ADG r ADFI when cmpared with the crn-sybean meal basal diet. Hwever, pigs fed the cntrl diet had a better feed cnversin (P.6) than the average f pigs that received the carriers withut fat. In cmparing the carriers withut fat, the whey treatment resulted in better (P.2) feed efficiency than the verxite and wheat bran treatments. Verxite is an inert bulky mineral substance cntaining n available energy, which culd explain the prer feed efficiency. Because wheat bran cntains less digestible energy than whey and crn, the energy cncentratin in the wheat bran treatment was als lw. There were n significant differences in backfat thickness amng any f the pigs fed treatments with added fat. In cmparing the tw cnventinal frms f fat, pigs that received diets with 5% lard gained significantly faster and mre efficiently than pigs fed diets cntaining 5% tallw. There was n difference (P>.IO) in either ADFI r backfat thickness between pigs given tallw and lard. When cmparing the "dried fat" prducts with ne anther, n difference was fund in either ADG r backfat thickness amng the pigs receiving the three prducts, but ADFI and F/G were higher fr pigs receiving the verxite + fat than fr pigs receiving the ther dried fat prducts. The grss energy f all three treat- ments cntaining dried fat prducts varied slightly, but the digestible enrgy frm the verxite prduct apparently was nt as high as fr the ther treatments. Trial 2. Apparent energy and prtein digestibilities were significantly imprved when 5% fat in cnventinal r "dried" frm were added t the diet (table 4). The average apparent energy digestibility f all diets cntaining supplemental fat was 81.5% cmpared with 76.8% fr diets withut added fat. A similar imprvement in apparent prtein digestibility was als bserved (76.5 vs 7.8%) when fat was added t the diet. In each set f diets, the treatment with fat resulted in a higher energy and prtein digestibilities than did the nnfat cunterpart. There were n differences in apparent energy and prtein digestibilities between the cntrl diet withut added fat and the average digestibilities f the three carriers withut fat. Hwever, differences in digestibilities between the three carriers did exist. The verxite withut fat diet (treatment 6) had a lwer (P.2) apparent energy and prtein digestibilities than the whey and bran diets (treatments 4 and 8). The average apparent energy and prtein digestibilities were nt different between the average f the "dried fat" treatments and the cnventinal fat (tallw and lard) treatments. There were n differences in digestibilities within the cnventinal fat treatments, but there were differences within the "dried fat" treatments. The verxite + fat treatment was lwer in bth apparent energy and prtein digestibilities than the ther tw "dried fat" treatments (table 4). There was a trend fr the whey + fat treatment t be higher in energy digestibility than the bran + fat treatment. Prtein digestibility was higher (P.1) fr the whey + fat treatment than fr the bran + fat. The increase in energy digestibility is similar t that reprted by Greeley et al. (1964a), wh fund a linear increase in apparent energy digestibility with additins f, 4, 8 and 12% added fat. The increase in diet digestibility was quite predictable because fat is a highly diges-

9 292 KEASCHALL ET AL. z r z ell [-, r. z [.-, c~. r~ 4 m.1 [- ;> 4. ~ 8 4- eq[- O ~.. eq~eq. q. ~.. xx ~ ~ 1~ ~.~.r, v x c x x el v tible energy surce. Tribble (1975) reprted an increase in apparent energy digestibility with uhe additin f fat t diets fr grwing swine. Hwever, he did nt bserve an increase in apparent energy digestibility with the additin f fat t the diet f finishing pigs. The increased prtein digestibility due t the additin f fat cnfirms earlier research by Lwrey et al. (1958) and Asplund et al. (196). Bth grups f researchers reprted that the additin f fat t swine diets increased apparent prtein digestibility. Clawsn et al. (1962) and Greeley et al. (1964a) reprted nnsignificant numerical increases in apparent prtein digestibility when fat was added t swine diets. Apparent energy and prtein and digestibilities f swine diets were imprved with the additin f 5% fat. Fat in the frm f "dried fat" prducts was equally effective in increasing the apparent nutrient digestibility by swine as liquid fat when cmpared with diets withut fat. Hwever, diets cntaining verxite with and withut fat resulted in lwer apparent prtein and energy digestibilities. The verxite prduct appeared t be a pr carrier fr fat, whereas wheat bran and whey were effective carriers that did nt reduce diet digestibility. Trial 3. As shwn in table 5, pigs fed the 14% prtein diets tended t gain faster than pigs fed 18% prtein diets. There were n significant prtein x fat interactins fr any f the respnse criteria. Average daily gain increased (P.1) linearly as the level f added fat increased in the diet. The increase in ADG frm added fat cnfirms data described in Trial 1. Mser (1977) reprted a quadratic effect f added fat n ADG. Gains imprved with" 2.5, 5.2, 7.9 and 1.5% added fat in the diet and then declined with 13% added fat. In cntrast, Seerley et al. (1964) did nt bserve any respnse in ADG when 2, 4 r 8% fat was added t swine diets. Daily feed intake was influenced by prtein and fat level. Pigs fed the 14% prtein diets cnsumed mre (P.1) feed than thse fed diets cntaining 18% prtein. Earlier research by Clawsn et al. (1962) and Greeley et al. (1964a) shwed that ADFI and ADG were nt different between prtein levels ranging frm 13 t 19 and 16 t 18%, respectively, in the presence f added fat. Seerley et al. (1964), hwever, fund a respnse t fat and prtein levels in bth ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed lw prtein diets (12.5%) cnsumed mre feed than pigs fed high prtein diets (14.4%). Feed intake

10 "DRIED FAT" FOR SWINE 293 TABLE $. PERFORMANCE OF PIGS FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF "DRIED FAT ''a AND PROTEIN Criteria Prtein level 14% 18% Avg effect f fat Daily gain, kg bc % fat Avg effect f prtein Feed Intake, kg bde % fat O ~ Avg effect f prtein Feed efficiency bf % fat Avg effect f prtein ahmuc 7-6. blinear fat effect (P~.5). CCV ~ 1.97%. dprtein effect (P~.IO). ecv = 1.5%. fcv = 1.7%. decreased linearly (P.O1) as the fat level f the diet increased. Barriek et al. (1953), Clawsn et al. (1962), Seerley et al. (1964; 1978) and Greeley et al. (1964a) all reprted a decrease in feed cnsumptin when fat was added t the diet. Mser (1977) fund a high negative crrelatin (r = -.99) between feed intake and energy level f the diet. Feed efficiency was nt affected by prtein level. Hwever, increasing levels f added fat caused a linear imprvement (P.1) in F/G (table 5). Brks (1972) reprted that F/G was negatively crrelated (r = -.95) t energy cncentratin f the diet. McDnald and Hamiltn (1976) als reprted imprved feed cnversin when varius types f fats were added t swine diets. Mitchell et al. (1965) reprted that the need fr lysine increased as the energy cncentratin in the diet increased. They estimated the lysine requirement fr a 19-kg pig t be.23%/ 1, kcal metablizable energy. The averag e grss energy f the 14% prtein diets used in this study was 4,238 kcal/kg and the lysine cntent was.79%. Assuming that 8% f the energy was metablizable, the lysine level in the diet wuld be.233%/1, kcal ME. Therefre, ne wuld nt expect an imprvement in feed efficiency by increasing the prtein level because the lysine requirement (first limiting amin acid) had been met with the 14% prtein diets. Backfat increased (P.1) as the level f added fat increased in the diet (table 6). Pigs fed the 14% prtein diets had mre backfat than the pigs fed the 18% prtein diets. Seerley

11 294 KEASCHALL ET AL. TABLE 6. EFFECTS OF FAT SOURCES AND FAT CARRIERS a ON CARCASS BACKFAT AND LOIN EYE AREA Criteria Prtein level Avg effect 14% 18% f fat Backfat, crn bcd % fat Avg effect f prtein Lin eye area, cm a e % fat Avg effect f prtein ahmilc 7-6. benergy effect (P.5). Cprtein effect (P.1). dcv = 1.72%. ecv = 11.86%. et al. (1964) reprted that pigs fed a high prtein diet (14.4%) prduced carcasses with a significantly higher percentage f lean cuts, a larger lin eye and less backfat than pigs fed a lwer prtein diet (12.5%). Allee (1976) fund that when diets were frmulated n a calrieprtein basis, the lin eye area increased and the backfat decreased cmpared with pigs receiving diets that were nt adjusted fr the increased energy cncentratin. In cntrast, Clawsn et al. (1962)and Greeley et al. (1964b) did nt bserve any effect f different dietary prtein and energy levels. Overall, additin f dietary fat increased backfat thickness; hwever, the first increment f added fat resulted in a numerical decrease in backfat. This finding is unexplainable, but culd be related t an energy sparing effect n prtein thereby allwing animals t express their genetic capacity twards leaness. Higher levels f fat prbably exceeded energy demands fr lean tissue prductin and energy was depsited as fat. This effect appeared within each prtein level. Mser (1977)reprted a similar finding. In his study, lw levels f added fat (2.6 and 5.2%) decreased backfat thickness, whereas 13% added fat increased backfat thickness. It appears that small amunts f fat (up t 5%) can be added t grwing and finishing swine diets withut adversely affecting carcass cmpsitin. Neither prtein nr fat level significantly influenced lin eye area (table 6). There were n significant differences in clr, firmness r marbling scres due t the main effects f either fat r prtein. The additin f dietary fat frm "dried fat" prducts was effective in imprving ADG and F/G fr grwing and finishing pigs, but increased backfat thickness when fed at higher levels. "Dried fat" eliminated the handling prblems f adding fat t swine diets. The added fat, even in the "dry" state, was effective in reducing the dust in the diet. Pig perfrmance was nt imprved by increasing dietary crude prtein levels frm 14 t 18% in the presence f added fat. Hwever, carcass characteristics appeared t be imprved with the higher prtein level.

12 "DRIED FAT" FOR SWINE 295 Literature Cited Allee, G. L Effects f fat level and calrieprtein rati n perfrmance f finishing pigs. Kansas State Univ. Swine Rep. p 26. AOAC Official Methds f Analysis (13th Ed). Assciatin f Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtn, DC. Asplund, J. M., R. H. Grummer and P. H. Phillips Stabilized white grease and crn il in the diet f baby pigs. J. Anita. Sci. 19:79. Barrick, E. R., T. N. Blumer, W. L. Brwn, F. H. Smith, S. B. Tre, H. L. Lucas and H. A. Stewart The effects f feeding several kinds f fat n feedlt perfrmance and carcass characteristics f swine. J. Anita. Sci. 12:899 (Abstr.). Brks, C. C Mlasses, sugar (sucrse), crn, tallw, sybean il and mixed fats as surces f energy fr grwing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 34:217. Clawsn, A. J., T. N. Blumer, W.W.G. Smart, Jr. and E. R. Barrick Influence f energy-prtein rati n perfrmance and carcass characteristics f swine. J. Anita. Sci. 21:62. Greeley, M. G., R. J. Meade and L. E. Hansn. 1964a. Energy and prtein intakes by grwing swine. I. Effects n rate and efficiency f gain and n nutrient digestibility. J. Anita. Sci. 23:88. Greeley, M. G., R. J. Meade, L. E. Hansn and J. Nrdstrm. 1964b. Energy and prtein intakes by grwing swine. II. Effects n rate and efficiency f gain and n carcass characteristics. ]. Anita. Sci. 23:816. Hale, H. E., R. J. Meade, J. Bascunan and G. Castr Influence f seasn, sex and dietary energy cncentratin n perfrmance and carcass characteristics f swine. J. Anita. Sci. 27:1577. Hillier, J. C The influence f fat n the grwth and develpment f swine. Oklahma Agr. Exp. Sta. MP-17. p 84. Lindahl, I. L Methds emplyed in nutritin research. In: Techniques and Prcedures in Animal Prductin Research. pp Mngraph, Amer. Sc. Anim. Prd., Champaign, IL. Lwrey, R. S., W. G. Pnd and J. H. Maner The effect f the calrie:prtein rati n digestibility, feed efficiency and weight gain in grwing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 17:1165 (Abstr.). McDnald, B. E. and R.M.G. Hamiltn Grwth and carcass cmpsitin f pigs fed diets that cntain rapeseed il, sybean il r tallw during the grwing perid. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 56:671. Mitchell, J. R., Jr., D. E. Becker, A. H. Jensen, H.W. Nrtn and B. G. Harmn Calric density f the diet and the lysine need f grwing swine. J. Anita. Sci. 24:977. Mser, B. D Feeding animal fat t grwing and finishing pigs. Feedstuffs 49( 15): 2. Parr Instrument C Instructins fr the 1241 and 1242 adiabatic calrimeters. Manual N Mline, IL. Rupnw, E. H. and M. E. Ensminger Effect f added fat n average daily gain, feed efficiency, percent lean cuts, lin eye area and backfat thickness f swine. J. Anita. Sci. 2:683 (Abstr.). Seerley, R. W., J. P. Brisce and H. C. McCampbeU A cmparisn f pultry and animal fat n perfrmance, bdy cmpsitin and tissue lipids f swine. J. Anita. Sci. 46:118. Seerley, R. W., H. C. McCampbell and M. C. McDaniel Energy and prtein studies with swine diets. J. Anirn. Sci. 41:328 (Abstr.). Seerley, R. W., G. E. Pley and R. C. Wahlstrm Energy and prtein relatinship studies with grwing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 23:116. Steel, R.G.D. and J. H. Trrie Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. McGraw-Hill Bk C., Inc., New Yrk. Tribble, L. F The effects f added fat in srghum-sybean meal ratins. Texas Tech Univ. Swine Rep. pp Williams, C. H., D. J. David and O. Iismaa The determinatin f chrmic xide in feces samples by atmic absrptin spectrphtmetery. J. Agr. Scl. (Camb.) 59:381.

13 NEWS AND NOTES 1255 The 2th annual Crnell University Agribusiness Executives Prgram is scheduled fr June 6--17, 1983 at the New Yrk State Cllege f Agriculture and Life Sciences, Crnell University, Ithaca, NY Interested parties shuld cntact: Dr. R. D. Aplin, Agribusiness Executives Prgram, Crnell University, 35 Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, (67) An Internatinal Sympsium n Animals as Waste Cnverters will be held Nvember 3--December 2, 1983 at the Agricultural University at Wageningen, Netherlands. Papers are invited and an abstract (in English) shuld be sent t the rganizing cmmittee by June 1. Fr infrmatin please cntact: Or. E. H. Ketelaars, Secretary f the Organizing Cmmittee, diac, P.O. 338, 67 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. NEW BOOKS The prceedings f the 9th Technical Cnference n Artificial Inseminatin and Reprductin and Inseminatr Training Mini-Cnference that was held April 29--May 1,1982 is available. Fr infrmatin n btaining a cpy, please cntact: The Natinal Assci- atin f Animal Breeders, P.O. Bx 133, Clumbia, MO ASAS PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE The fllwing publicatins are available frm the ASAS Business Office, 39 W. Clark St., Champaign, I L Remittance must accmpany the rder. Reprints f The Relatin f Livestck Breeding t Theries f Evlutin, presented at the 69th annual meeting f ASAS. Twenty cents ($.2) per cpy. Cpies f the sympsium n Use f the Cmputer in Animal Science Teaching, Research and Extensin. $5. per cpy. Cpies f the Cmbined Abstracts frm the annual meetings f ASAS, Midwestern, Suthern, Western and Nrtheast Sectins. $1. per cpy. Cpies f the Prceedings f the annual meeting, Western Sectin ASAS. $6. per cpy. Reprints f Guidelines fr Hrmne Radiimmunassays. N charge. Five Year Accumulative Index, Supplement 1 t the Jurnal f Animal Science, Vl. 46, 1978, Indices Vl , July 1972-June $6 per cpy. An authr and subject index is included. ERRATUM Vl. 56, N. 2, p. 286 entitled " 'Dried Fat' fr Grwing-Finishing Swine" by K. E. Keaschall, B. D. Mser, E. R. Pe, Jr., A. J. Lewis and T. D. Crenshaw. On page 293, table 5, the data reprted fr feed efficiency that are in errr are as fllws: line 1 under feed efficiency bf %fat, that reads: 2.45, 2.3, 2.38 shuld read: 2.8, 2.8, 2.8.