The Digestive System. Presented by Kesler Science
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1 Organ Systems
2 Objectives You will identify the main function of each of the systems we discuss and how it is structured. You will list the main organs in the system.
3 The Digestive System Presented by Kesler Science
4 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the digestive system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system?
5 e.com/watch?v=v wrsl-lczyo
6 The Digestive System Digestive System A group of organs working together to turn food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. KeslerScience.com
7 The Digestive System Here s how it works. Mouth The beginning of the digestive tract Digestion starts with your first bite. Chewing breaks the food into smaller pieces. (mechanical/physical change) Glands secrete saliva that has enzymes which mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down. (chemical change) KeslerScience.com
8 The Digestive System Throat or Pharynx The passage that leads from the cavities of the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus. Both food and air pass through here, so it s part of the respiratory and digestive systems. Made up of 3 parts The epiglottis acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx and trachea. KeslerScience.com
9 The Digestive System Esophagus Muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach Approximately 10 long Secretes mucus Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement (peristalsis). KeslerScience.com
10 The Digestive System Stomach J-shaped muscular sac-like organ that stores food and grinds and mixes it into a liquid About the size of two fist next to each other Contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food Acid in the stomach kills bacteria KeslerScience.com
11 The Digestive System Small Intestine Long tube about 1 in diameter and 20 long Lining of intestine walls have finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area for absorption Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls. Leftover waste continues through to the large intestine. KeslerScience.com
12 The Digestive System Large Intestine (Colon) Long, thick tube about 2 1/2 in diameter and about 5 feet long Absorbs water and nutrients the small intestines don t absorb Processes waste so that defecation (excretion of waste) is easy and convenient KeslerScience.com
13 The Digestive System Rectum The final function of the digestive system Receives stool from the colon Lets the person know stool needs to be evacuated Holds stool until evacuation happens KeslerScience.com
14 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the structure and main function of the digestive system? 2. Identify the main organs in this system. KeslerScience.com
15 The Circulatory System Presented by Kesler Science
16 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the circulatory system? 2. What are the main organs associated with this system?
17 e.com/watch?v=f8 wylrdglxa
18 Circulatory System Circulatory System This system delivers O 2 and nutrients to all the cells in the body and CO 2 and waste to the lungs through blood vessels. The main organ is the heart (the pump). The blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries. KeslerScience.com
19 Circulatory System Heart A muscular organ about the size of a fist Located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone Pumps blood through a network of arteries, veins and capillaries Also called the cardiovascular system KeslerScience.com
20 Circulatory System Arteries and Veins Red represents the arteries carrying oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body. Blue represents the veins carrying carbon dioxide and waste towards the heart. KeslerScience.com
21 Circulatory System Artery Vein Capillaries Very tiny blood vessels connecting the arteries and veins Here is where the O 2 is delivered to the cells along with other nutrients. Also, CO 2 and waste is picked up, returned to heart, and pumped to lungs. KeslerScience.com
22 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the main function of the circulatory system? 2. Identify the main organs associated with this system? KeslerScience.com
23 The Endocrine System Presented by Kesler Science
24 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the endocrine system? 2. What are the main organs associated with this system?
25 e.com/watch?v=hx PCQBD_WGI
26 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System A collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones The function of the endocrine system is to maintain the correct chemical level in the body through feedback. Regulates mood, sleep, growth and development, metabolism, sexual function and reproduction processes KeslerScience.com
27 The Endocrine System Homeostasis The endocrine system works to maintain stable internal conditions (balance). Uses negative and positive feedback mechanisms Kidneys maintain Water balance Hypothalamus Regulates temp. Pancreas regulates Blood sugar KeslerScience.com
28 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System Made up of Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Thymus glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (in females) Testicles (in males) KeslerScience.com
29 The Endocrine System Hypothalamus Portion of the brain Coordinates between the nervous system and the endocrine system Stimulates the pituitary gland Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms KeslerScience.com
30 The Endocrine System Pituitary Pea-sized gland found at the base of the brain Controls the function of most other endocrine glands Sometimes called the master gland Controlled in large part by the hypothalamus KeslerScience.com
31 The Endocrine System Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Located near the center of the brain Looks like a pine cone thus its name Produces the hormone melatonin Helps regulate sleep patterns (circadian rhythms) KeslerScience.com
32 The Endocrine System Thyroid and Parathyroid Found in the lower part of the neck wrapped around the trachea Shaped like a butterfly Thyroid hormones help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body. KeslerScience.com
33 The Endocrine System Thymus Located behind the sternum between your lungs Only active until puberty Stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells helping the body protect itself against autoimmunity KeslerScience.com
34 The Endocrine System Pancreas Located in the upper abdomen Secretes the hormones insulin (lowers) and glucagon (raises) to control blood sugar levels throughout the day KeslerScience.com
35 The Endocrine System Adrenal Gland Located at the top of each kidney Helps control blood pressure Helps regulate reaction to stress Also helps regulate your metabolism, sugar levels, and blood pressure KeslerScience.com
36 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the main function of the endocrine system? 2. Identify the main organs associated with this system? KeslerScience.com
37 The Excretory System Presented by Kesler Science
38 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the excretory system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system?
39 e.com/watch?v=2_ 7Q1xQ-NWU
40 Excretory System Excretory System The main function is to filter blood and remove liquid waste from the body. Works with the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and integumentary systems to maintain the homeostasis (balance) of water, ions, ph, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells in the body KeslerScience.com
41 Excretory System Renal artery Renal vein Kidney Main function is to filter waste products out of the blood passing through them Blood enters through renal arteries and passes back to the circulation through the renal veins. Works in part with the endocrine system in the formation of red blood cells, and the circulatory system to remove waste from blood KeslerScience.com
42 Excretory System Ureters Muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder cm in length Inner diameter about 3mm KeslerScience.com
43 Excretory System Bladder Pear shaped organ that holds urine to allow for urination to be infrequent and voluntary Capacity 400 to 600 ml Emptying the bladder takes place by contraction of smooth muscles (detrusor). KeslerScience.com
44 Excretory System Urethra Passage way through which urine is discharged from the bladder out of the body Longer in the male than female Average daily output of urine is liters/day KeslerScience.com
45 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the structure and main function of the excretory system? 2. Identify the main organs in this system? KeslerScience.com
46 The Muscular System Presented by Kesler Science
47 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the muscular system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system?
48 e.com/watch?v=c6 u0u_59udc
49 The Muscular System The Muscular System An organ system consisting of over 640 muscles Main functions Allows movement in the body Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generates heat KeslerScience.com
50 The Muscular System The Muscular System (continued) Each muscle is a discrete organ made of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Also found in the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels Muscles serve to move substances throughout the body. KeslerScience.com
51 The Muscular System Types of Muscles Cardiac form the wall of the heart and controls your heartbeat involuntary Smooth (visceral) Weakest of all muscle tissues found in organs and perform unique functions like grinding, churning or moving involuntary Skeletal connect to the skeleton in at least one place to move parts of bones closer to each other - voluntary KeslerScience.com
52 KeslerScience.com The Muscular System
53 The Muscular System What holds the bones and muscles together? B A Connective Tissue Dense layered collagen fibers Tendons - attach muscle to bone (A) Facia - surrounds muscles and connects muscle to muscle (B) KeslerScience.com
54 The Muscular System What other body system works with the skeletal system? Nervous system (3)working with the muscular (2)and skeletal system(1) is essential to the voluntary skeletal muscles. If nerves are severed, they will not be able to produce muscle movement. 3 KeslerScience.com
55 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the main function of the muscular system and how it is structured? 2. Identify the main organs in this system? KeslerScience.com
56 The Nervous System Presented by Kesler Science
57 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the nervous system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs associated with this system?
58 e.com/watch?v=1u G0AEnoLDU
59 Nervous System Nervous System A pathway in which your brain sends and receives information about what is happening in and around the body Main organs are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves (made up of nerve cells or neurons) Consists of two systems: 1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System KeslerScience.com
60 Nervous System Central Nervous System Made up of the brain and spinal cord The brain is protected by the skull. The brain controls all body functions by sending and receiving messages up and down the spinal cord through the nerves. KeslerScience.com
61 Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Carries messages to and from parts of the body to the central nervous system through nerves Carries out orders from the brain Made up of two systems: 1. Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Central Nervous System KeslerScience.com
62 Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Sends information through peripheral nerves to your central nervous system These messages are coming from all your senses. Sends messages back to the senses in order to respond Example: putting your hand on something hot and causing it to pull away KeslerScience.com
63 Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Makes sure processes in your body work automatically You don t have to think about these things. 1. Breathing 2. Digesting 3. Heart beating KeslerScience.com
64 Nervous System Brain Part of the central nervous system Soft spongy mass of nerve cells and supportive tissue 3 main parts that work together but have special functions 1. Cerebrum (red, green, yellow, blue) 2. Cerebellum (purple) 3. Brain Stem (gray) KeslerScience.com
65 Nervous System Brainstem Connects brain to spinal cord Controls hunger and thirst Also, the most basic body functions, such as body temperature, blood pressure and breathing KeslerScience.com
66 Nervous System Spinal Cord Important structure between the brain and the body 40-50cm long, 1-1.5cm wide Forms 31 pairs of spinal nerves Contains motor and sensory nerve fibers sending information to and from all parts of the body KeslerScience.com
67 Nervous System Neurons (Nerve Cells) Specialized cells that carry messages through an electrochemical process Brain has 100 billion neurons Messages are carried to and from the central and peripheral nervous systems through nerves (a bundle of neurons). KeslerScience.com
68 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the main function of the nervous system and how it is structured? 2. Identify the main organs assoxiated with this system? KeslerScience.com
69 The Respiratory System Presented by Kesler Science
70 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the respiratory system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs associated with this system?
71 e.com/watch?v=rp dgq-a_ym4
72 Respiratory System Respiratory System A series of organs which take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide (primary function) Primary organ is the lungs that carries out the exchange of gases as we breath
73 Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Nasal and Oral Cavities The respiratory system begins here at the nose and mouth. The air is moisten, warmed, and filtered as it enters the body. Oral Cavity
74 Respiratory System Pharynx (Throat) The passage that leads from the cavities of the nose and mouth to the larynx. Both food and air pass through here, so it s part of the respiratory and digestive systems. Made up of 3 parts
75 Respiratory System Larynx and Epiglottis Larynx hollow muscular organ which holds the vocal cords (voice box) which produce sound Epiglottis a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the larynx that closes when food passes by
76 Respiratory System Trachea and Bronchus Trachea - A hollow tube (wind pipe) that connects the larynx to the right and left bronchus. Bronchus the two major air passageways leading from the trachea to the lungs.
77 Respiratory System Bronchioles and Alveoli Bronchioles the smallest air passageways coming off of the bronchi Alveoli the airs sacks at the end of the bronchioles where the gas exchange takes place (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out)
78 Respiratory System Diaphragm A sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity (heart/lungs) Pulls and pushes against the lungs as we inhale and exhale Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
79 Check for Understanding Can you 1. Identify the structure of the respiratory system and its main functions? 2. Identify the main organs associated with the respiratory system?
80 The Skeletal System Presented by Kesler Science
81 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the skeletal system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system? 1.?
82 e.com/watch?v=fp BDRgG0vvs
83 The Skeletal System Types of Skeletons Exoskeletons External skeletal systems made up of chitin and calcium carbonate that provides protection to creatures such as insects and crustacea Endoskeletons Internal skeleton of an animal (vertebrates), which is comprised of bone and cartilage
84 The Skeletal System Skeletal System The primary function is to form a solid framework of bones and connective tissues to support the body. Protects the body tissues and internal organs Anchors the skeletal muscles The main organs are bones and joints.
85 The Skeletal System 5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System Support and Protect Supports the softer tissues, provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles, and provides protection for many of the body s internal organs
86 The Skeletal System Functions (cont.) Movement The skeleton works with the muscular system to allow for movement. Production of Blood cells Red bone marrow inside some larger bones produces blood cells as well as many other types of cells.
87 The Skeletal System Functions (cont.) Storage The interior of the bone can store minerals (calcium, phosphorus)and chemical energy (fatty acids). Homeostasis Bones are able to absorb or release calcium into the blood to maintain a stable environment in the body.
88 The Skeletal System Human Body s Bones The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones Classified as Long bones Short bones Irregular bones Flat bones Sesamoid bones
89 The Skeletal System Joints Holds the skeleton together and supports movement Classified by: 1. Function range of motion (synovial) 2. Structure material that holds the bones and joints together
90 The Skeletal System The skeletal system and muscular system work in conjunction to allow our body to move. Muscles are attached to bones with tendons and ligaments. When the muscle is contracted, the skeletal system can move. What other body system works with the skeletal system?
91 The Skeletal System What holds the bones and muscles together? A B Connective Tissue Dense layered collagen fibers Ligaments Attach bone to bone (A) Tendons Attach muscle to bone (B)
92 The Reproductive System Presented by Kesler Science
93 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the reproductive system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system? 1.?
94 The Reproductive System Function - The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
95 The Male Reproductive System Organs: The male reproductive system consists of two major parts: the testes, where sperm are produced, and the penis. The penis and urethra belong to both the urinary and reproductive systems in males. The testes are carried in an external pouch known as the scrotum, where they normally remain slightly cooler than body temperature to facilitate sperm production.
96 The Reproductive System Organs: The major internal organs of the female reproductive system include the vagina and uterus which act as the receptacle for semen and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova.
97 The Immune System Presented by Kesler Science
98 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the immune system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system? 1.?
99 e.com/watch?v=24i Yt5Z3eC4
100 The Immune System
101 The Immune System The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, also called leukocytes, which come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy diseasecausing organisms or substances.
102 The Integumentary System Presented by Kesler Science
103 Essential Questions: 1. What is the main function of the integumentary system and how is it structured? 2. What are the main organs in this system? 1.?
104 e.com/watch?v=z5 VnOS9Ke3g
105 The Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.
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1 The Digestive System
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