Erythropoietin stimulates stem cells in the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

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Jocelin Harrison
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1 NAME: HR: RED GOLD WEBSITE WORKSHEET The following website has great information on the biology and history of blood. You will be divided into groups to work on individual sections of the worksheet. You will then share your answers with other students who investigated different questions. There are many audio and video links in some sections. Take the time to listen and watch to learn more about this fascinating topic. BLOOD JOURNEY PHASE 1: CREATION OF BLOOD WHAT IS BLOOD MADE OF? 1. Each blood cell has a scientific name. What is the scientific name for each of the following blood cells? A. red blood cells erythrocytes B. white blood cells leukocytes C. platelets thrombocytes HOW IS BLOOD PRODUCED? 1. Where are all blood cells produced? Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 2. In adults, what three types of bones continue to make blood? A. spine (vertebrae) B. ribs C. pelvis 3. When oxygen levels are low, why does the kidney make a hormone called erythropoietin? Erythropoietin stimulates stem cells in the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

2 BLOOD JOURNEY PHASE 2: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HOW IT WORKS 1. Describe the purpose of each of the following types of circulation (use the animation for assistance): A. Pulmonary circulation blood moving from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart in order to pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide. B. Coronary circulation movement of blood through the vessels of the heart in order to provide oxygen to heart cells. C. Systemic circulation flow of the blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again in order to provide oxygen rich blood to the body cells. D. Portal circulation flow of the blood through the small intestine in order to pick up sugars from digested food then bring it to liver to store for use later. E. Renal circulation blood flow through the kidneys in order for the kidneys to filter out wastes (urea and excess salts) so that they can be excreted. BLOOD VESSELS 1. Why do the veins you can see through your skin appear to be blue? Venous blood is low in oxygen making the blood appear bluish when seen through the skin. BLOOD JOURNEY PHASE 3: DONATION WHAT TO EPECT WHEN DONATING 1. During blood donation, how long is the needle in someone s arm? 8 10 minutes 2. How long does someone have to wait before being able to donate again? 56 days TESTING DONATED BLOOD 1. In addition to ABO group and Rh factor type, what infectious diseases is the donated blood tested for? Hepatitis B and C, HTLV-I & HTLV-II, Syphilis, HIV (virus that causes AIDS) BLOOD JOURNEY PHASE 4: BLOOD BANKS THE BLOOD CENTER 1. A single donation has the potential to save _3 lives. 2. Why would someone need a transfusion of each of these blood parts: A. red blood cells used for people who are anemic due to blood loss

3 B. platelets used for people who are unable to produce enough platelets of their own to clot their blood C. plasma used for patients with hemophilia because it contains a factor needed to clot blood STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Every _2 seconds, someone in the United States needs blood. BLOOD JOURNEY PHASE 5: THE TRANSFUSION WHO NEEDS TRANSFUSIONS? 1. Do all surgeries require a blood transfusion? No. Examples: hernia surgery, gall bladder surgery 2. Do all surgeries require a person to receive blood that is a perfect match? No. Blood type O is a universal donor and can donate to any other blood type. BLOOD TYPING 1. Which are the two most common blood types in the U.S.? A+ and O+ (72% of population) 2. Which is the rarest blood type in the U.S.? AB- (1% of population) BLOOD HISTORY 2500 BCE 999CE 1. What was learned by Herophilus during public human dissections in 300 B.C.? Arteries are thicker than veins and carry blood During this time, the first blood transfusions take place. These are not from one human to another, but from animal to human. Name 2 animals that were used for these types of transfusions. A. lamb B. sheep In what year were blood groups discovered? What chemical needs to be added to blood to prevent it from clotting? Sodium citrate

4 Currently, blood is stored in plastic bags. What was blood stored in prior to 1949 (see 1948)? Blood was stored in glass bottles When is AIDS first reported? When is the first blood screening test for the presence of HIV developed? Prior to this, how many Americans became infected by HIV as a result of a blood transfusion? Several dozen BLOOD BASICS: BLOOD IN THE BODY BLOOD PLASMA 1. Plasma makes up _55 % of human blood. 2. Large batches of plasma can help save people with what disorder? Hemophilia 3. Watch the video: what color is plasma? Yellow BLOOD GROUPS AND TYPING 1. Watch the video: How did Karl Landsteiner determine that there are different blood types? Through a series of experiments, Landsteiner found that the blood of two people, when mixed, sometimes agglutinated (clumped together). From this he determined that there were similarities and differences in the blood cells. BLOOD BASICS: EARLY PRACTICES BLOODLETTING 1. What is bloodletting? Procedure performed as a treatment for many illnesses in which the patient s vein is opened and allowed to bleed. 2. Why would doctors perform bloodletting on their patients? They bled for pneumonia and fevers, back pain and rheumatism, headaches and melancholia; even to treat bone fractures and other wounds. 3. Bloodletting was practiced by the Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks and even persisted in rural America until 1920 s.

5 4. Watch the video: Bloodletting played a role of the death of which U.S. President? Bloodletting contributed to George Washington s death after he contracted a throat infection and was drained of around 9 pints of his blood within 24 hours. LEECHES 1. Because of their popular use, what almost happened to leeches in Europe? This species of leeches almost became extinct. 2. For what surgeries are leeches still used today? Microsurgeries to restore circulation. BARBER-SURGEONS 1. What was a barber s job? Bloodletting and minor surgical procedures. BLOOD BASICS: BLOOD IN WAR BLOOD ON THE HOOF 1. What does the term blood on the hoof refer to? Blood donors donate directly to the patient. RED CROSS BLOOD DONOR SERVICE 1. See the section entitled General Considerations. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, how many pints of blood were collected each week? 724 pints 2. After Pearl Harbor, many people were willing to donate their blood. How many pints were collected in the week following Pearl Harbor? 123,284 pints BLOOD BASICS: THE BLOOD SUPPLY AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION 1. What does the term autologous transfusion mean? An autologous transfusion is using your own blood to transfuse into your body. 2. Watch the video: How are doctors able to reduce the amount of blood needed during a complex surgery like heart surgery? Doctors collect blood seeping out of patient, clean it, and transfuse it back into the patient.

6 BLOOD LAB Introduction: Blood is a tissue made up of two different components, living cells and nonliving liquid. The cellular part has three different cell types, each having different functions or jobs. These three cell types are called red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. The liquid part is called plasma. In this lab you will: Examine and diagram the three different blood cell types. Compare the blood cell types by appearance, function and prevalence. Examine whole blood, blood plasma, and buffy coat. Compare plasma to the cell types by appearance, function and prevalence. Procedure: Part A: Whole Blood 1. Examine a tube of uncentrifuged whole blood. Do not touch the tube! 2. What are the four main components of blood: a. Plasma b. Red Blood Cells c. White Blood Cells d. Platelets 3. Examine a tube of centrifuged whole blood. Do not touch the tube! 4. Label the visible fractions of the whole centrifuged blood in the figure below. Plasma = yellow Buffy coat = white or uncolored Cellular portion = red Next to each fraction describe what the fraction is composed of: Composition (material present) Plasma White blood cells & Platelets Red blood cells Function (Job of material in this layer) Transport cells, nutrients, CO 2, other wastes WBC work in immune system Platelets help clot blood Transport O 2

7 Part B: Red Blood Cells 1. Examine a prepared slide of human blood under low power. Locate the red blood cells (RBC s). These cells are numerous and appear like cheerios under low power. 2. Switch to high power and focus on several RBC s. They are pink and will be the most common cells in your field of view. 3. Draw, label and color one or two RBC s in Table 1. Label and color the cell membrane (dark red) and the cytoplasm (light red). 4. Count the number of red cells present in your field of view and record in Table 1. (Note: count ¼ of the field and multiply by 4.) 5. Observe and draw the blood of a person with Sickle cell anemia. Part C: White Blood Cells 1. Using high power, locate several cells that have a nucleus. They should appear darker in color than RBC s. Some may have small dots or granules within them. Theses are white blood cells. 2. Draw, label and color one or two white blood cells in Table 1. Label the cell membrane (purple), cytoplasm, (yellow), and the nucleus (purple). 3. Count and record the number of WBC s in one field of view in Table 1. Part D. Platelets: 1. Use high power to locate very small, star-like fragments that appear dark and irregularly shaped. These are platelets. 2. Draw several platelets in Table 1. Label any parts you can identify. 3. Count and record the number of platelets in one field in Table 1. Cell Type Diagram Label and Color Number of Cells in Field Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell RBC Answers will vary White Blood Cells Platelet

8 Questions: 1. What is the function of red blood cells? Carry O 2 to cells; carry CO 2 from cells. 2. What are the main functions of white blood cells? Fight infections; control immunity 3. Structurally, list any differences between RBC s and WBC s. RBC no nucleus; red in color WBC large nucleus; colorless 4. What is the main function of platelets? Play a role in the formation of clots; Clump on edge of wound to plug it 5. Where in the body are most blood cells produced? In the bone marrow 6. On your first day of being a blood lab technician, you collect blood from a patient, count their cells, and develop the following graph: A. Use pages 602 and 603 in your textbook to determine if these numbers are normal or if a cell type is too high or too low. RBC - WBC - too low too high Platelet normal Number of Cells Blood Cell Numbers per ml 600, , , , , ,000 0 RBC WBC Platelet Blood Cell Type B. You make a mistake with the next patient and collect 4 ml of blood instead of 1 ml. You decide to go ahead and analyze the sample you have why take even more blood from them? Your data for 4 ml s is shown below. How many cells would you find in 1 ml of their blood? Show your work. RBC 20,920,504 cells How many in 1 ml? 20,920,504 4 = 5,230,126 WBC 157,528 cells How many in 1 ml? 157,528 4 = 39,382 Platelets 1,591,300 cells How many in 1 ml? 1,591,300 4 = 399,325

9 Chapter 21.3 Homework In your textbook, read about blood in Chapter 21.3 (pg ). A. Complete the table by checking the correct column(s) for each description. Blood Components Description Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Round with nucleus Release clotting substance Have no nuclei Live for about 10 days Found in plasma Most numerous of all blood cells Fight infection from invading organisms Produced from bone marrow Also called erythrocytes Also called leukocytes Use book to find number of cells per cubic milliliter B. Complete each statement. 5,000,000 10, , Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, contains _water proteins, minerals, gases, waste. 2. Red blood cells carry hemoglobin, a protein-iron compound that functions in the transport of oxygen. 3. After about three months, red blood cells die and are filtered from the blood by the _liver and the spleen. 4. Anemia may be caused by _lack of iron or hemoglobin in blood or loss of blood volume. 5. After an injury, an insoluble protein called fibrin forms a blood clot that plugs the wound, preventing excessive blood loss.

10 6. There are five types of _white blood cells which are formed within _bone marrow and protect the body against disease. C. Thinking Lab Read the Thinking Lab on page 602 of your textbook. 1. Examine Graph A. In the space below, interpret the results of the lab. Propose a reason WHY you think hemoglobin had that effect. As amounts of hemoglobin increase, work performance increases because more hemoglobin is available to carry more oxygen to muscle cells. 2. Look at Graph B. Describe a complete meal that you would prepare for someone if they had iron deficiency. ANSWERS WILL VARY Example: Corn flour tortilla with soybean and chopped sirloin steak filling, iceberg lettuce salad. D. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Doctors highly recommend that women who are between the ages of 12 and 50 get more iron than men who are the same age because of the risk of developing anemia. Why would these women be at a higher risk of developing anemia than women who are older? Explain. (HINT: Think about what females age experience that older women and all males do not). In general, women eat less iron containing food than men, but also lose more iron because of monthly blood loss through menstruation. 2. You go to the doctor because you have a sore on your foot. The doctor suspects that you either have an infection or diabetes (people with diabetes mellitus are at risk for foot ulcers). The doctor takes a blood sample and says that your WBC count is 32,568 WBC s per cubic milliliter. Is the doctor going to prescribe insulin for diabetes or an antibiotic for the infection? Explain. A normal white blood cell count should be 10,000 cells per mm 3. This blood sample shows an elevated white cell count, indicating an infection in the body. Therefore, the doctor would prescribe an antibiotic rather than insulin.

Unit Seven Blood and Immunity

Unit Seven Blood and Immunity I. Introduction A. Definition Blood is a sticky fluid that is heavier and thicker than water. Blood is a type of, whose cells and suspended in a liquid intercellular material.