Raw Materials and Feed Quality: Impact on Poultry Performance and Health Status

Transcription

1 Raw Materials and Feed Quality: Impact on Poultry Performance and Health Status Basilisa P. Reas, DVM MSc BPR Nutrition Consultancy Consultant to USSEC-SEA

2 Content Introduction; Early signals of feed contamination or poor quality feeds and feed ingredients. Nutrition and Disease interaction Metabolic Diseases Nutrient toxicity and deficiencies Chemical toxicity and residues Anti-Nutritional factors Mycotoxicosis Recommendations BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

3 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY What to check in raw materials and feeds? Physical: Damaged, contaminated or infected raw materials from harvests; immature seeds, insect damaged, molds, fiber, etc. Nutritional/Chemical: Lower (variable) nutrient content, anti nutritional factors, chemical (pesticide) residues, mycotoxins

4 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Nutrients required by poultry (30-40) Carbohydrates (Energy) Protein (essential AA) Fats/lipids Vitamins Minerals Water,.. But nutrient components of ingredients differ according to age of bird, feeding program & reproductive performance/stage of production.., Some nutrient deficiencies will have immediate effects, some takes longer but the total effects are costly

5 Nutrition & Disease Interaction FEEDS: as pre-disposing factor Genetics Environment Performance High Low Disease symptoms Nutrition, Housing, Management Feed Quality Mycotoxicosis Immune depression Infectious Non-infectious Metabolic diseases (skeletal disorders, malabsorption syndrome, fatty liver dis, etc); (viral/bacterial) Performance Nutrient Deficiency or Excesses Imbalance

6 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Disease situation increasing nutrient requirement: Severe damage to the digestive tract impairment of absorption of a number of essential nutrients diarrhea Electrolyte loss and dehydration extra nutrients and electrolytes Destruction of body tissues, and other vital organs of the body low resistance against diseases

7 Either deficiencies or excess/toxicity of nutrients can render birds more susceptible to infectious or non-infectious diseases. Deficiency problems are often caused by low intake of protein, vitamins and minerals, while nutrient excesses /toxicity can be caused by high intake of energy, fats and some minerals. More specific conditions - metabolic diseases that make the nutrient requirement of birds more difficult to gauge; bacterial or viral infections, parasitic infections, anorexia, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, mycotoxin infection, anti-nutritional factors and drug interaction. BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

8 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY What are the sources of nutritional imbalance? Nutrient deficiency nor toxicity/excess Substance in the diet that interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients Infections that lower the absorption or utilization of essential nutrients Diseases that increase nutritional requirements

9 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Feed Quality as a factor Presence of anti-nutritional factors in ingredients Deletion of micro-additives Decreased biological potency of vitamins Nutrient degradation due to oxidation Antagonistic effects of some chemicals of nutrients in feedstuffs and feed additives Mycotoxin contamination

10 All Soybean Meals are NOT created equally

11 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY General effects of nutrient deficiencies A. External signs reduction in growth rate retarded feather formation cutaneous lesions skeletal deformities and locomotor disturbances B. Performance effects decreased egg production lowered fertility & hatchability decline in egg quality decreased response to infections

12 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Low energy intake Compensated by increased feed intake, the consequences; - extreme competition - weight lost, and poor growth rate - reduced egg production and egg size - increased disease susceptibility Low protein intake (essential AA) - reduced growth rate, poor FCE, - lower immune response & reproductive efficiency Energy & AA deff will exacerbate viral malabsorption syndrome & intestinal damage cause by coccidiosis or endoparasites

13 Some contaminants and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in feed ingredients BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Cereal grains - mycotoxin, fibers Oilseeds - Protease inhibitor, allergens, phytin, oligosaccharides, lipoxygenase, lectins, saponin, tannins Fish & animal products - biogenic amines; oxidized fats Others Fibers, particle size of grains Resulting to: Protein - Low digestion, absorption & utilization Mineral Low solubility, absorption & utilization Vitamin - Increased requirement

14 Anti-nutritional factors in soybeans Heat labile Protease inhibitors Lectins Goitrogens Antivitamins Heat stable Saponins Tannins Estrogens Oligosaccharides Antigens Phytate Proper heating of soybeans deactivate most of these anti-nutritional factors Liener, 2000

15 Effect of heat treatment on anti-nut. factors Protein & A.A. Digestibility: and protein or amino acid digestibility. Temp. T.I.: U.I.: % KOH: Concentration anti-nutritional factors PDI: Under-processing Over-processing

16 The role of soybean meal trypsin inhibitors in field outbreaks of feed passage in broilers; AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A FEED PASSAGE OUTBREAK: - FEED CONVERSION IS NEGATIVELY AFFECTED - BODY WEIGHTS ARE LOWER THAN THE STANDARD - ECONOMIC LOSSES CAN BE HUGE S O U R C E : N. R U I Z, U S S E C F T N W

17 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Negative effects of ANFs in poultry Abnormal passage rate of ingesta Increased microbial activity in the small intestine -- resulting to diarrhea Reduced digestion and/or absorption of nutrient Inconsistent faecal flow (higher water content, sticky) Growth depression Poorer feed utilization Leg problems in poultry Increased mortality and morbidity Dirty plumage/eggs Poor litter condition/hock lesions Diarrhea & dehydration

18 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Nutrient deficiencies causing skeletal deformities Mineral deficiency; - Ca or Ph def or imbalance - Manganese or zinc def - Sodium or chloride Vitamin deficiency; - Fat soluble; Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K - Water soluble; Vit B1 (Thiamine),Vit B2 (Rivoflavin) Vit B6 (Pyridoxine), Choline, Biotin

19 Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in the U.S.

20 Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in S.A.

21 Vitamin & Mineral deficiency. Increased requirement of certain minerals, vitamins, and amino acids during disease situation Vitamins - complex deficiencies and/or excesses - Vit A, D & E - Zn, vitamin B 6, and tryptophan interrelationships Mineral - abnormal levels &/or ratios of calcium & phosphorus - manganese deficiency; iron BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

22 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Vitamin A deficiency Ataxia & Xeropthalmia Characteristics: Poor growth & feathering in chicks Inability to stand & chronic purulent conjunctivitis In layers, poor inside egg quality, with blood spots Low fertility and hatchability Increase incidence of E coli & endoparasites (affecting integrity if respiratory tract and intestinal mucosa) Upon necropsy kidney degeneration & accumulation of urate in the ureters

23 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Vit B1(Thiamin) deficiency Star-gazing Characteristics: Incoordination & abnormal retraction of the head day old Common causes: Thiamine deff in premix Excessive addition of anticoccidial, amprolium to diets

24 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Systemic & Metabolic abnormalities that result to nutrient imbalance Anemia and suppression of bone marrow function Infections developed due to low immune response Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome Sudden Death Syndrome Malabsorption Syndrome Skeletal Disorders Gizzard Erosion Ascites Mycotoxicosis

25 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency curled toe paralysis /club foot Characteristics: Rotation of legs at aged days old Slow growth & poor feathering Low egg production & hatchability in breeding flocks Histopathology shows myelin degeneration of peripheral nerve

26 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Biotin foot pad dermatitis Dermatitis of the feet and adjacent skin & angle of the beak Poor growth & feathering Elevated mortality In breeders, lower hatchability & embryonic malformations of the feet.

27 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Main functions of Vit E; - required in complex biochemical functions; Biological antioxidant, promotes intracellular respirations and cellular stability, fertility, promote immune response, detoxification and promotes other biochemical reactions. Vitamin E deficiency Encephalomalacia results when Vit E in diet undergone oxidative rancidity due to free radicals Transudative diathesis degeneration of the endothelium (blood vessel lining) > leakage of plasma into surrounding tissues. Muscular Dystrophy occurs in skeletal muscles, ventriculus & gizzard, and mycordium Avitaminosis E can be worsen by concurrent SAA and Se deff.

28 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Vitamin E deficiency Encephalomalacia most common effects of Avitaminosis E Characteristics: - Onset is days old - 10% mortality - ataxia, terminal recumbency with cycling motion Punctate hemorrhages in the cerebellum, & softening in the brain

29 Manganese deficiency Perosis or Slipped tendon BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Characteristics: Deformation of distal tibiotarsus & Proximal tarsometatarsus leading to chondrodystrophy; Displacement of gastrocnemius

30 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Predisposing Factors: SKELETAL DISORDERS Diet protein and amino acids Feed ingredients-soy, rye, sorghum, rapeseed meal Chloride and calcium levels Tannins Mycotoxins fusarium, aflatoxins, ochratoxins Electrolyte Balance - acid-base balance Vitamin D 3 metabolism

31 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Characteristics reduction in growth rate &/or body wt beading of rib heads enlargement of the parathyroid glands Common causes: vitamin D 3 deficiency; calcium or phosphorus imbalance mycotoxins RICKETS young birds OSTEOMALACIA- older birds Prevention:

32 TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA -common in heavy broilers on a high plane of nutrition Characteristics: - abnormal cartilage formation in large bones ; twisted legs, rotated tibia, crooked toes Common causes: - electrolyte imbalance - diet low in calcium,high phosphorus & chloride - excess nitrogen - Fusarium contaminations in feed Prevention: Balanced phosphorous & calcium BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

33 Sudden Death Syndrome, Flip-over or Characteristics Acute Heart Failure More common in broiler males due to rapid growth 1-3 wks, found dead lying on their back immediately following convulsions Genetic & metabolic origin, due tofast growth & high energy diet - Imbalance of electrolytes (acid-base balance) resulting in ventricular fibrillation mortality rates (2-4%) due to heart failure Prevention: Lower density diets to reduce growth rate Shorter lighting period after 7 days old BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

34 Malabsorption Syndrome ( Helicopter Disease) Stunting syndrome Reovirus infection & fusarium in feed Diarrhea and presence of undigested feed in excreta Prevention & Control Increasing levels of methionine & lysine, vits A E, & selenium in the diet Use blended animal and vegetable fats that have a natural content of FFA Use mold inhibitor & antioxidants Microbial and anticoccidial control BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

35 Fatty Liver & Hemorrhagic Syndrome BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ; Occurs in obese layers at peak egg production Characteristics excessive liver fat infiltration with rupture & massive hemorrhage in body cavity Common causes metabolic and environmental associations sulfur containing amino acids, choline and mineral, energy deficiencies Prevention & Control: Modify energy level Appropriate levels of sulphur aa & choline remove cause of heat stress

36 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Characteristics: Fatty Liver & Kidney Syndrome - Common in high performing layers death due to hemorrhages in liver due to oxidative rancidity; pale kidneys Common causes energy -protein imbalance or AA def def on lipotropic agents, choline, vitamin B 12, methionine mycotoxin Prevention & Control: Add 1-2% protein, use fats to augment energy, vit E & antioxidant in feeds

37 GIZZARD EROSION Characteristics blackish diarrhea slow growth Common causes: poorly processed fish meal - gizerosine (histidine and lysine) Prevention & Control: Use only high quality fish meal, or Limit usage of fish meal and other animal by-products to less than 10% of the diet Avoid usage of high levels of copper sulfate for growth promotion Use antioxidants when fish meal is included BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

38 Ascites & Heart Failure Characteristics water belly appearance Bluish appearance of combs & feet Laboured and gaspy breathing Crouching & ruffled feathers Common causes: - high altitude & cold temp - rapid growth rate, high energy ration - respiratory diseases - high sodium, low phosphorus - mycotoxin contamination - vitamin E/selenium def, excess salt - stress - partly genetic BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Prevention & Control: - slowing early growth - enough brooding temp - check water quality - prevent dust & ammonia build up

39 Mycotoxicoses in poultry T2, DON Decreased feed intake Dermal and oral lesions Feed refusal Vomiting Gizzard lesions AFB 1, T2, OTA, Diarrhea Blood in faeces and urine Inflammation of bladder kidneys Blood & meat spots Egg residue & creamy yolk T2, DON, AFB 1, OTA, FUM Intestinal hemorrhages Damage of the kidneys Pale and fatty liver Increased water consumption T2, DON, AFB 1, OTA Fum Decreased performance Immunosupression Pancreatic necroses ZEA, T2, DON Decreased egg prod & hatchability Delayed sexual maturation Vent enlargement T2, AFB, Don, DAS Dermal and oral lesions Inflammation of mucous Impaired feathering BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

40 BIOMIN Global Mycotoxin Survey, 2015 Covers 8,271 agricultural commodity samples from 75 countries worldwide. Over 31,492 analyses Results provide an insight on the incidence of aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA) Raw materials tested: Maize (corn), wheat, barley, soybean meal, dried distillers grains (DDGS) and silage, among others. BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

41 Mycotoxin Survey results, % of all samples contained at least one mycotoxin and over 50% had more than one As in previous years, DON and FUM are the main mycotoxins present in over half of the samples tested. DON poses the most frequent threat to livestock with a prevalence of 73% and average contamination level of 1,090 ppb. 56% of all samples exceed the risk thresholds for livestock. Levels of FUM (found in 61% of samples, 1,089 ppb on average) and ZEN (56% of samples, 253 ppb on average). 21% of samples tested contained FUM that exceed risk threshold levels. 31% of samples tested contained ZEN in concentrations that exceed risk threshold levels. Afla was present in 18% of samples at 40 ppb on ave, 11% of exceeded the risk thresholds. T-2 was found in 23% of samples at an average of 26 ppb. Positive occurrence was 18% OTA at an average of 7 ppb with more than 10% of these exceeding risk threshold levels. BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

42 Biomin: Mycotoxin Survey report, BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

43 World-wide prevalence of Mycotoxin, 2015 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

44 Mycotoxin Contamination, by region BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

45 The negative impacts of mycotoxin contamination on livestock - depends on the species, level and type of mycotoxin contamination, general health status of the animal and environmental conditions. - All levels of mycotoxins should be considered unsafe - increased levels carry increased risks to animal health. - mycotoxins tend to occur in groups, resulting to compounded negative (synergistic) effects. - low levels of mycotoxin ingestion can have a detrimental effect on the immune system and are a hindrance to optimal performance. BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

46 Maximum risk threshold levels of different mycotoxin for livestock & poultry Type of Mycotxin Aflatoxin 2 Ochratoxin 10 Zearalenone 50 T2 Toxin 150 Deoxynevalenol 150 Fumonisins 500 Max threshold, ppb The global mycotoxin trends rely upon single mycotoxin occurrence; The risk indications may actually understate the threat posed by mycotoxins to animals given their known synergistic effects and subclinical effects BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

47 BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Mycotoxin gives both acute and chronic effects depending on; The types of toxin, Level of contamination, Duration of ingestion. Risks associated with mycotoxin exposure

48 MYCOTOXICOSIS caused by Aflatoxin, Vomitoxin (T2-Toxin),Ochratoxins, Fumonisins Characteristics: Sub optimal performance; growth depression, poor FCE Reproductive failure Vaccination & treatment failure Increased mortality Common causes/predisposing factors: Imuno-suppression Disease susceptibility Poor storage facilities, high MC, poor sanitation, failure of toxin binder Prevention & Control: Use toxin binder/mold inhibitor Proper QC measures BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

49 Main effects of Mycotoxin contamination 1. Reduction in nutrient content; amino acids, energy, vitamins; 2. Losses in product quality 3. Immune suppressions; poor health, increased production costs, poor performance BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

50 ; In the farm; Nutritional factors affecting animal performance failure of the diet to meet nutrient specifications inconsistent quality of raw materials abrupt changes in ingredients inappropriate particle size inadequate/inconsistent feed mixing deterioration of ingredients and feeds in storage BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

51 ;.. Feed production errors affecting animal performance Failure of process to achieve target weights FIFO management of ingredients & complete feed Uncontrolled hand add ingredients Cross contamination & Mill Hygiene Physical quality pelleting, grist, moisture Medication selection BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

52 Summary & Conclusions o Feed Quality is the first line of defense when it comes to animal performance o Controlling feed quality should start from the point of raw material entry, storage, formulation, processing and finally to the farm; o Cheap /low quality feed will become more expensive and causing more problems during production; o Mycotoxin cost a lot in the operation; it is a GLOBAL problem o Anti-nutritional factors in major raw materials are hidden set-back in feed quality o Consider feed quality and its impact in managing poultry health when making disease diagnosis BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY ASABPR15@GMAIL.COM

53 Recommendations; set up feed quality parameters..; & follow it through[pp Ingredient Purchase/receiving Storage First line of defense: Sampling & quick testing; MC, etc. Inventory and usage volume: Warehouse mgt., Pest control Feed Formulation Ingredient profile VS. Feed nutrient standards; BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY Processing/ Manufacturing Delivery/ Storage Forms, Particle size, homogeneity Farm/ End users Transport facilities; Bulks or bags, Labels; product recalls. Target performance

54 Thank you BPR Nutrition Consultancy Consultant to USSEC-SEA