Gene Expression. 1. DNA controls a person s and. 2. Gene = 3. How many genes do humans have in each cell? 4. What are the building blocks of proteins?
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1 ene Expression DN in cells controls all sorts of things such as the color of your eyes, the color of your hair, and whether or not you can digest milk. These characteristics are called traits. DN also controls your responses to stimuli in the environment to keep you alive. For example, when you are frightened, the DN tells your adrenal cells to produce adrenaline which will help you respond to the situation. DN does this by using its blueprints to make different proteins at different times. section of DN that contains the instructions for making one specific type of protein is called a gene. There are about 30,000 genes in each human cell! Proteins are made up of amino acid molecules. There are 20 different amino acids molecules with names like isoleucine, valine, and phenylalanine. These amino acids can be put together in any combination based on the code in the DN molecule. Proteins are usually amino acids long!!!! There are thousands of different kinds of proteins and each has its own special job based on its structure. 1. DN controls a person s and. 2. ene = 3. How many genes do humans have in each cell? 4. What are the building blocks of proteins? 5. How many amino acids are there?
2 Let s take a look at the process of making a protein from the directions in DN (called gene expression). The DN code works in threes. This sequence of 3 bases in DN is called a codon. This means that every three bases in a gene has the directions for adding one amino acid to the protein molecule being built. If you arranged the 4 bases (, T,, ) in groups of three in every possible combination, you would get a total of 64 possible combinations. So, this means that there are 64 codons in the genetic code. Realize that there are only 20 amino acids, so some of the 64 codons code for the same amino acid. Scientists have created a chart called a codon chart which shows all 64 codons and the amino acid that each adds to the protein being built. Phenylalanine Phynylalanine Methionine (based on the code in RN) lanine lanine lanine lanine Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop odon Stop odon Histidine Histidine lutamine lutamine sparagine sparagine Lysine Lysine spartic cid spartic cid lutamic cid lutamic cid ysteine ysteine Stop odon Tryptophan lycine lycine lycine lycine 1. Define codon: 2. How many codons are there in the genetic code? 3. Write your hypothesis here:
3 The DN molecule needs a smaller helper molecule to get its instructions out the ribosome. This molecule is RN (ribonucleic acid). The RN molecule is similar to the DN molecule. However, RN structure differs from DN structure in three ways. heck out this graphic and see if you can figure out the three differences. Write them here. DN RN Be aware that there are three types of RN, each having a particular function in the process of building a protein. s we learn about the process, each of these three molecules will be discussed.
4 TRNSRIPTION The process of gene expression occurs in two main steps. The first step is called transcription. During this step, the code in a gene is copied into RN. Enzymes unwind the double helix and unzip it to expose the gene to be copied. Other enzymes match up RN complementary base pairs to the exposed pairs creating an RN molecule called messenger RN (mrn). The mrn molecule then leaves the nucleus. Other enzymes help the DN molecule to seal back up and reform the double helix. 4. What happens during transcription? 5. What type of RN is made in this process? 6. Where in the cell does transcription occur? 7. This is a sequence of bases in a gene. Fill in the bases for a complementary segment of RN to show the process of transcription. Don t forget that RN has instead of T!! So would match with. DN T T RN
5 TRNSLTION The second main step of gene expression is called translation. The code carried in the mrn is used to make a protein at the ribosome. Translation involves two other types of RN transfer RN (trn) and ribosomal (rrn). Each trn molecule has a sequence of 3 bases on one end called an anticodon. trn anticodons match up with the mrn codons. This is an important part of code translation because the trn molecule carries a certain amino acid based on its anticodon. For example, a anticodon will carry the amino acid named methionine. By matching the trn anticodon to the messenger RN codon, the correct amino acid is put into place as the protein is built. The ribosomal RN (rrn) makes up the ribosome and helps the codon and anticodon join. So once mrn arrives at the ribosome, trn anticodons join with each mrn codons one at a time. Each sequence of three bases (codon) codes for one amino acid to be added onto the protein being made. The trn drops off its amino acid cargo at this point. Each new amino acid that is dropped off is joined to the rest to form a chain (which is the protein). The trn than leaves and picks up another amino acid based on the code in its anticodon. 8. What type of RN acts as an enzyme and makes up the ribosome? 9. What type of RN brings amino acids to the ribosome? 10. What happens during translation? 11. Where does translation occur in the cell? 12. omplete the online ene Expression activities listed on the webpage.
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