The RESPIRATORY System

Transcription

1 The RESPIRATORY System

2 Respira5on The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells Pulmonary Ven5la5on - the exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs External (Pulmonary) Respira5on - gas exchange between the lungs and blood Internal (Tissue) Respira5on - gas exchange between the blood and cells

3 Func5ons of the Respiratory System Provides structures and mechanisms for gas exchange Intake of O 2 Elimina5on of CO 2 Helps maintains body s ph Sense of smell Speech and sound produc5on

4 Organs of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

5 Respiratory System

6 Respiratory Structures

7 Nose External Por5on Suppor5ng bony framework Car5lage - Skin Mucous membranes Nostrils or external nares Internal Por5on - large cavity within the skull Connects the external nose to the pharynx through two openings (Internal Nares)

8 External Nose Structures

9 Nose Nasal Cavity - large cavity that contains both the external and internal nose cavi5es divided into the right and lep sides by the NASAL SEPTUM

10 Internal Nose Structures

11 Func5ons of the Nose Warming, moisturizing and filtering incoming air Smell (recep5on of olfactory s5mulus) Resona5ng chamber for speech

12 Pharynx Funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm long Extends from the internal nares down to the cricoid car5lage of the larynx Walls composed of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane Divided into three areas Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

13 Regions of the Pharynx

14 Func5ons of the Pharynx Passageway for food and air Resona5ng chamber for speech

15 Larynx (Voice Box) A short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea Walls of the larynx is composed of 9 pieces if car5lage Three single pieces of car5lage epigloyc car5lage (EpigloYs) thyroid car5lage (Adam s Apple) cricoid car5lage the Larynx to the Trachea) Three paired pieces of car5lage arytenoid - corniculate - cuneiform (azaches

16 Larynx Structures

17 Trachea Tubular passageway about 12 cm long and 2.54 cm in diameter Anterior to the esophagus Extends from the larynx to about the 5th thoracic vertebrae Composed of C-shaped car5lage rings stacked upon one another Hyaline car5lage rings Covers the anterior and lateral walls

18 Trachea and Esophagus

19 Trachea Non-car5laginous posterior soper por5on of the trachea allows for expansion of the esophagus during swallowing Lined with ciliated epithelium The point where the trachea bifurcates is called the carina About the 5th thoracic vertebrae

20 Bronchi Tubes that branch off of the trachea at the carina and extend into the lungs LeP Primary Bronchus Mainstem Bronchus) Right Primary Bronchus Mainstem Bronchus) (LeP (Right Shorter and more ver5cal Swallowed objects more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus than the lep

21 Bronchi Also composed of car5laginous rings Con5nue branching as they enter the lungs into a structure called the bronchial tree Trachea -Mainstem (Primary) Bronchi - Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi - Segmental (Ter5ary) Bronchi - Terminal Bronchioles - Respiratory Bronchioles - Alveolar Ducts

22 Bronchial Tree

23 Bronchioles Bronchioles are smaller air passages which branch from the bronchi. Bronchioles are small, muscular tubes with a narrow diameter. Changes in the size of the bronchioles help direct the flow of air to various parts of the lungs.

24 Alveolar Ducts Alveolar ducts are enlarged chambers found at the end of the bronchioles. These very fine passageways end at the alveolar sacs and connect to the alveoli.

25 Alveoli A cup shaped out pouching of epithelial 5ssue Place where external respira5on occurs (gas exchange between the lungs and the blood) Lungs contain million alveoli Surface area of about 750 sq. P. The size of a Tennis Court

26 Alveoli

27 Pharynx Funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm long Extends from the internal nares down to the cricoid car5lage of the larynx Walls composed of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane Divided into three areas Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

28 Structures of the Larynx EpigloYs GloYs Hyoid Bone Thyroid Car5lage Cricoid Car5lage True and False Vocal Cords

29 EpigloYs Large leaf-shaped piece of car5lage lying on top of the larynx The stem of the epigloyc car5lage is azached to the thyroid car5lage Leaf por5on of the car5lage is unazached and acts like a trap door covering the opening to the trachea which is called the gloys. Dependent upon breathing or swallowing

30 EpigloYs

31 GloYs The opening from the pharynx to the larynx that contains the vocal cords Vocal Cords - mucous membrane folds that extend across the gloys in two layers upper layer or folds - false vocal folds lower layer or folds - true vocal folds Sounds originate from vibra5on of these true vocal cords

32 GloYs and Vocal Cords

33 Hyoid Bone Is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx. It does not ar5culate with any other bones. It serves as the posterior azachment for the tongue and helps in swallowing.

34 Thyroid Car5lage The thyroid car5lage is the largest car5lage of the larynx. It give the larynx its characteris5c triangular shape. Nicknamed the Adam s Apple because of its enlarged size due to the influence of testosterone.

35 Cricoid Car5lage The most inferior car5lage of the larynx. Used as a landmark to perform a tracheotomy.

36 True Vocal Cords The most inferior of the horizontal folds in the larynx. Contain elas5c fiber which vibrate to create sound.

37 False Vocal Cords The most superior of the folds in the larynx. Help the gloys close during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory passages.

38 Lungs Paired - cone shaped organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity Separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the medias5num Surrounded by a double layered serous membrane called the pleural membrane

39 Features of the Lungs Apex - the pointed, superior por5on of the lungs. Base the broad, inferior surface of the lungs which rests on the diaphragm.

40 Lungs

41 LeP Lung

42 Pleural Membrane Parietal Pleura - outer layer of the pleural membrane AZached to the thoracic wall Visceral Pleura - inner layer of the pleural membrane AZached to the lungs themselves Between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is a poten5al space called the pleural cavity Contains pleural (serous) fluid (reduces fric5on)

43 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Extend from the diaphragm to an area about 2.54 cm above the clavicles on both sides of the thoracic cavity Base Apex Hilus Lobes

44 Lobes and Fissures Each lung is divided into lobes by one or more fissures There are three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the lep lung.

45 Pleural Cavity The medias5num divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavi5es, each of which contains one lung.