Respiratory System Structures and Gas Exchange
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1 A. Respiratory medium the oxygen source 1. Air 2. Water Respiratory Medium Organism Cellular Respiration O 2 CO 2
2 B. Respiratory surface the structure where exchange of gases with the surrounding environment occurs 1. Large surface area (A) 2. Thin surface (ΔX) 3. Moist surface Organism Respiratory Medium Respiratory Surface Fick s Law of Diffusion Q = ΔC * A * β MW * ΔX Cellular Respiration O 2 CO 2
3 C. Gills and Aquatic Animals 1. Structure of gills a. Outfoldings (large surface area) b. In water (moist surface) 2. Ventilation needed to overcome low oxygen levels a. Definition increase water flow over the gills in order to keep oxygen levels up b. Countercurrent exchange
4 C. Gills and Aquatic Animals 2. Ventilation needed to overcome low oxygen levels a. Definition increase water flow over the gills in order to keep oxygen levels up b. Countercurrent exchange
5 C. Lungs and Terrestrial Vertebrates From Campbell s Biology 6 th Edition
6 C. Lungs and Amphibians and Mammals 1. Conducting zone structures 2. Lungs 3. Size and complexity based on metabolic needs
7 1. Birds a. Nostrils b. Trachea c. Bronchi d. Air sacs e. Lungs f. Gas exchange at parabronchi
8 Respiratory System Structures and Gas Exchange 1. Birds g. One way ventilation Image from Ornithology by Frank B. Gill, p 120.
9 a. Conducting Zone i. Nose ii. Pharynx iii. Larynx iv. Trachea v. Bronchi vi. Bronchioles b. Respiratory Zone i. Respiratory bronchioles ii. Alveolar ducts iii. Alveolar sacs iv. Alveoli
10 c. Ventilation i. Bi-directional ii. Negative pressure system a) Inhalation b) Exhalation c) Boyle s Law
11 c. Ventilation i. Bi-directional ii. Negative pressure system d) Atmospheric Pressure (P atm ) vs. Alveolar Pressure (P alv )
12 c. Ventilation i. Bi-directional ii. Negative pressure system Show ventilation animation!
13 c. Ventilation iii. Alterations to volume to change pressure
14 c. Ventilation iii. Alterations to volume to change pressure
15 d. Airway Structure and Function i. Path of Airflow
16 d. Airway Structure and Function ii. Structures that filter the air Mucus in goblet cell Ciliated columnar cell Cilia Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Basement membrane Basal cell Connective tissue Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
17 Respiratory System Structures and Gas Exchange d. Airway Structure and Function iii. Structures that keep the airways patent The Pharynx Bony framework:! Frontal bone! Larynx! Nasal bones! Maxilla! Cartilaginous framework:! Opening of auditory tube Alar cartilage! Uvula Palatine tonsil Fauces OROPHARYNX Epiglottis LARYNGOPHARYNX Esophagus Trachea (a) Anterolateral view of external portion of nose showing cartilaginous and bony framework! (b) Parasagittal section of left side of head and neck showing location of respiratory structures Tongue Ventricular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Lingual tonsil Mandible Hyoid bone Regions of the pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx (a) Anterior view! Fig 23.2a Epiglottis! Hyoid bone! Thyrohyoid membrane! Epiglottis:! Leaf! Stem! Corniculate cartilage! Thyroid cartilage! (Adam s apple)! Arytenoid cartilage! Cricothyroid ligament! Cricoid cartilage! Cricotracheal ligament! Thyroid gland! Parathyroid glands (4)! Tracheal cartilage! NASOPHARYNX Lateral nasal cartilages! Septal cartilage! Dense fibrous! connective and! adipose tissue! Thyroid gland! Pharyngeal tonsil (b) Posterior view!
18 d. Airway Structure and Function iv. Structures that allow for alteration of airflow Flow = ΔP R R = πµl r 4
19 d. Airway Structure and Function v. Structures that allow for gas exchange
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