SAMPLE. Attachment. Evaluating Bowlby s Theory.

Transcription

1 Attachment Evaluating Bowlby s Theory

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3 Attachment Lesson Objectives: To recap Bowlby s theory of attachment and summarise his theory for the essay question: Outline and evaluate Bowlby s theory of attachment. Evaluate Bowlby s theory of attachment by considering a range of psychological research.

4 Bowlby s Theory Task: Write a short outline of Bowlby s theory, using all of the key terms on your handout. Imagine that the outline is worth six marks and you are answering the question: Outline and evaluate Bowlby s explanation of attachment (12 marks).

5 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Lorenz (1935)

6 Lorenz (1935) Method: Lorenz divided a group of goose eggs into two groups: 1. One group was left with their natural mother. 2. The other group was placed in an incubator. Lorenz made sure that when the eggs in the incubator hatched, he was the first moving object the goslings saw. After this, he marked the two groups and returned them to their natural mother. Results: The geese that had hatched in the incubator continued to follow him, while those who had hatched naturally continued to followed their mother.

7 Lorenz (1935) Task: While watching the video, consider the following questions: Which component of Bowlby s theory does this research support? Justify your answer. Are there any issues with using this research to support a human theory of attachment? Lorenz concluded that goslings are programmed to imprint onto the first moving object they see, highlighting the rapid formation of attachment in animals.

8 Lorenz (1935) Lorenz said: (1) The process is confined to a very definite period which in many cases is of extremely short duration; the period during which the young partridge gets its reactions of following the parent birds conditioned to their object, lasts literally but a few hours, beginning when the chick is drying off and ending before it is able to stand. Lorenz, K.Z. (1937). The Companion in the Bird s World. The Auk, (54), 3, (A summary of his original which was written in German in 1935)

9 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Task: Write a burger paragraph using Lorenz to evaluate Bowlby s theory of attachment. To start with, just include the point, evidence and explanation; ignore the counter-argument for now. 5 Minutes

10 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Point Evidence / Example Counter- Argument Explain One strength of Bowlby s theory comes from research by Lorenz. Lorenz divided a group of goose eggs into two groups: 1) One group was left with their natural mother. 2) The other group was placed in an incubator. Lorenz made sure that when the eggs in the incubator hatched, he was the first moving object the goslings saw. Lorenz found that the baby geese imprinted onto him and concluded that imprinting is an innate biological response, and takes place within the first few hours of life. This supports Bowlby s theory and the idea of a critical period, providing support for the notion that some animals form an innate attachment during a very specific time frame.

11 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Point Evidence / Example Issue / Debate Explain One strength of Bowlby s theory comes from research by Lorenz. Lorenz divided a group of geese eggs into two groups: 1) One group was left with their natural mother. 2) The other group was placed in an incubator. Lorenz made sure that when the eggs in the incubator hatched, he was the first moving object they saw. Lorenz found that the baby geese imprinted onto him and concluded that imprinting is an innate biological response, and takes place within the first few hours of life. Extension: Could you include a counter-argument here? Are there any issues with Lorenz s research? If so, how might they affect the conclusions drawn in relation to Bowlby's theory? This supports Bowlby s theory and the idea of a critical period providing support for the notion that some animals form an innate attachment during a very specific time frame.

12 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Hazan & Shaver (1987) The Love Quiz

13 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Task: You are going to think-pair-share the following question. Take a minute to think about the question below. You will then have two minutes to discuss this question as a pair. Then you will share your thoughts with the rest of the group. Do you think your relationships with your parents as a child affects your future relationships? 0:59 0:58 0:57 0:56 0:55 0:54 0:53 0:52 0:51 0:50 0:49 0:48 0:47 0:46 0:45 0:44 0:43 0:42 0:41 0:40 0:39 0:38 0:37 0:36 0:35 0:34 0:33 0:32 0:31 0:30 0:29 0:28 0:27 0:26 0:25 0:24 0:23 0:22 0:21 0:20 0:19 0:18 0:17 0:16 0:15 0:14 0:13 0:12 0:11 0:10 0:09 0:08 0:07 0:06 0:05 0:04 0:03 0:02 0:01 1:00 End Think 1:59 1:58 1:57 1:56 1:55 1:54 1:53 1:52 1:51 1:50 1:49 1:48 1:47 1:46 1:45 1:44 1:43 1:42 1:41 1:40 1:39 1:38 1:37 1:36 1:35 1:34 1:33 1:32 1:31 1:30 1:29 1:28 1:27 1:26 1:25 1:24 1:23 1:22 1:21 1:20 1:19 1:18 1:17 1:16 1:15 1:14 1:13 1:12 1:11 1:10 1:09 1:08 1:07 1:06 1:05 1:04 1:03 1:02 1:01 1:00 0:59 0:58 0:57 0:56 0:55 0:54 0:53 0:52 0:51 0:50 0:49 0:48 0:47 0:46 0:45 0:44 0:43 0:42 0:41 0:40 0:39 0:38 0:37 0:36 0:35 0:34 0:33 0:32 0:31 0:30 0:29 0:28 0:27 0:26 0:25 0:24 0:23 0:22 0:21 0:20 0:19 0:18 0:17 0:16 0:15 0:14 0:13 0:12 0:11 0:10 0:09 0:08 0:07 0:06 0:05 0:04 0:03 0:02 0:01 2:00 End Pair

14 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Hazan and Shaver used a questionnaire called The Love Quiz to examine current attachment experiences and attachment history. 620 people responded to the questionnaire which was published in the Rocky Mountain News. RM Questions: What type of sampling method did Hazan and Shaver use? What are the problems with this sampling method?

15 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Results: They found a positive correlation between attachment type and later love experiences. Conclusion: The results support Bowlby s idea of an internal working model and suggest that our early childhood experiences affect our later adult relationships.

16 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Task: Answer the four questions in relation to Hazan & Shaver on your handout. Use the key words below to help you. Love Quiz 620 Questionnaire Correlation Internal Working Model Positive Volunteer Sample

17 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Q1. Outline how Hazan & Shaver conducted their research. Hint: Remember the word how = details about the method. Hazan and Shaver used a questionnaire called The Love Quiz to examine currentattachment experiences and attachment history. They published the questionnaire in the Rocky Mountain News, inviting people to respond, therefore using a volunteer sampling method. 620 people responded.

18 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Q2. Outline what Hazan & Shaver found. Hint: Remember the word what = details about the results/conclusion. They found a positive correlation between attachment type and later love experiences. Their results support Bowlby s idea of an internal working model and suggest that our early childhood experiences affect our later adult relationships.

19 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Q3. Does Hazan and Shaver s study provide support for, or evidence against, Bowlby s theory of attachment? Justify your answer. Their results support Bowlby s idea of an internal working model and suggest that our early childhood experiences affect our later adult relationships.

20 Hazan & Shaver (1987) Extension: Are there any issues with Hazan & Shaver s (1987) research? Population validity Sampling bias Social desirability Privacy Socially sensitive research

21 Evaluating Bowlby's Theory Rutter et al. (1998)

22 Rutter et al. (1998) Independent Task: Read the summary of Rutter on your handout and write your own burger paragraph. Refer to the paragraph you wrote earlier to help you structure your evaluation. 5 Minutes

23 Rutter et al. (1998) Task: Four of you will be selected to read out your evaluation paragraphs. As you listen to your colleagues, be ready to comment on: 1) Have they stated their point clearly? E.g. One strength / One limitation of 2) Is their evidence (Rutter) clear? 3) Have they effectively explained why Rutter is a strength/limitation of Bowlby s theory?

24 Bowlby s Theory of Attachment Point Evidence or Example Explain One limitation of Bowlby s theory comes from research by Rutter et al. (1998) Rutter et al. (1998) carried out research on orphans who did not form an attachment during the critical period. Rutter found that when the children were adopted into UK or US families they were still able to form an attachment, but it took them longer to do so. He claimed that the idea of a critical period was wrong and therefore it should be called a sensitive period. This matters because it suggests that Bowlby s original theory is not correct, as children are still able to form an attachment after their critical period (contrary to what Bowlby claimed), but it takes them longer to do so.

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26 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Task: Write a short outline of Bowlby s theory, using all of the key terms below. Imagine that the outline is worth six marks and you are answering the question: Outline and evaluate Bowlby s explanation of attachment (12 marks). Hint: You don t want your outline to be any more than 75 words; make sure you are answering the question and relating your answer to attachment. tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

27 Evaluating Bowlby s Theory Lorenz (1935) Task: Write a burger paragraph using Lorenz to evaluate Bowlby s theory of attachment. To start with, just include the point, evidence and explanation; ignore the counter-argument for now. Point Evidence/ Example Counter- Argument Explain Extension: Could you include a counter-argument to enhance your evaluation? Are there any issues with Lorenz s research? If so, how might they affect the conclusions drawn in relation to Bowlby's theory? Hazan & Shaver (1987) Task: Answer the following questions on Hazan & Shaver s study. Outline how Hazan & Shaver conducted their research. Hint: Remember the word how = details about the method. Outline what Hazan & Shaver found. Hint: Remember the word what = details about the results/conclusion. tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

28 Does Hazan and Shaver s study provide support for, or evidence against, Bowlby s theory of attachment? Justify your answer. Extension: Are there any issues with Hazan & Shaver s (1935) research? Rutter et al. (1998) - Critical Period or Sensitive Period? Task: Read the summary of Rutter below; complete your own burger paragraph. Rutter et al. (1998) carried out research on orphans who were adopted by US or UK families. He found that the adoptees who had failed to form an attachment during the critical period were still able to form attachments outside this period. However, he also noted that the later the adoption took place, the more time it took the children to develop a strong attachment. Rutter said that the term critical period was incorrect, and that it should be referred to as the sensitive period. Point Evidence/ Example Explain tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout