SAT6B SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY II UNIT: I - V

Transcription

1 SAT6B SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY II UNIT: I - V

2 UNIT I Group Dynamics Types of Groups social Facilitation Social loafing Deindividuation Group Polarization Group think Minority Influence SAT6B-Social Psychology II 2

3 Group A group is an aggregation of two or more people who are to some degree in dynamic interrelation with one another. - McGrath, 1984 A psychological group is defined as one that is psychologically significant for the members, to which they related themselves subjectively for social comparison and the acquisition of norms and values, that they privately accept membership in, and which influences their attitudes and behavior. - Turner, 1987 SAT6B-Social Psychology II 3

4 Group Dynamics Group dynamics: - The ways in which the group and its individual members affect each other. - The relationship of this interaction to issues of group, development, structure and goal. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 4

5 Formation of groups Psychologist Bruce Tuckman first came up with the memorable phrase "forming, storming, norming, and performing" in his 1965 article, "Developmental Sequence in Small Groups." He used it to describe the path that most teams follow on their way to high performance. Later, he added a fifth stage, "adjourning" (which is sometimes known as "mourning"). SAT6B-Social Psychology II 5

6 Formation of groups SAT6B-Social Psychology II 6

7 Group Facilitation Group facilitation is a process in which a person whose selection is acceptable to all members of the group, who is substantively neutral, and who has no substantive decision-making authority diagnoses and intervenes to help a group improve how it identifies and solves problems and makes decisions, to increase the group's effectiveness. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 7

8 Social Loafing The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 8

9 Group Polarization Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 9

10 Deindividuation People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self. Feel anonymous and aroused. Explains rioting behaviors. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 10

11 Groupthink Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group. They are more concerned with group harmony. Worse in highly cohesive groups. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 11

12 Minority Influence Minority influence, a form of social influence, takes place when a member of a minority group influences the majority to accept the minority's beliefs or behaviour. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 12

13 Group Culture Values, beliefs, customs, and traditions held in common by group members. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 13

14 Video Link Group Facilitation: SAT6B-Social Psychology II 14

15 UNIT II Aggression Theoretical Perspectives Determinants of aggression Prevention and control of aggression SAT6B-Social Psychology II 15

16 Aggression The term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others, or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another person either physically or mentally. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 16

17 Aggression Hostile aggression - behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility Instrumental aggression - behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (for example, to attract attention, acquire wealth, and to advance political and ideological causes) SAT6B-Social Psychology II 17

18 Biological Theories of Aggression Instinct theory - innate (unlearned) behavior pattern Freud- redirecting the death instinct (thanatos) to others Lorenz- inherited fighting instinct developed through the course of evolution (strongest survive) Neural Influences SAT6B-Social Psychology II 18

19 Biological Theories of Aggression Genetic Influences Blood Chemistry high testosterone linked to higher aggression and less helping low levels of serotonin inhibit ability to restrain aggressive urges SAT6B-Social Psychology II 19

20 Frustration-Aggression Theory Direct Outward aggression Instigation to aggress Indirect Frustration (Goal) Inward aggression (e.g., suicide) Other additional responses (e.g., withdrawal) Back SAT6B-Social Psychology II 20

21 Modern Theory of Aggression Social Determinants Frustration Provocation Exposure to aggressive models Cues associated with aggression Causes of discomfort/negative affect Personal Determinants High irritability Beliefs about aggression Proaggression values Type A behavior pattern Hostile attribution bias Arousal Affective States Aggressive Cognitions Aggression SAT6B-Social Psychology II 21

22 Personal Determinants Type A behavior pattern Hostile attributional style Narcissism (inflated self-esteem) Gender (higher in males when not provoked) males tend to use direct forms (push, shove, insult) females tend to use indirect (gossip, spread rumors) SAT6B-Social Psychology II 22

23 Social Determinants Frustration elicits aggression esp. when cause is unjustified Direct provocation (physical or verbal) Exposure to media violence primes aggressive thoughts; desensitizes viewers Heightened arousal (provocation, exercise) arousal in one situation can persist and intensify reactions in another, unrelated situation SAT6B-Social Psychology II 23

24 Situational Determinants high temperatures hotter years (and summers) increased rates of violent crimes, but not property or rape crimes alcohol intoxicated participants behave more aggressively and respond to provocations more strongly SAT6B-Social Psychology II 24

25 Theories of aggression : A Summary SAT6B-Social Psychology II 25

26 Controlling Aggression Catharsis ( blowing off a little steam ) does not reduce aggression Punishment must be prompt, strong, and justified Exposure to nonaggressive models place prosocial models in violent situations SAT6B-Social Psychology II 26

27 Controlling Aggression (con t) Cognitive interventions apologizing can be effective engage in activities that distract attention away from causes of anger Teach social skills better communication Induce incompatible responses humor SAT6B-Social Psychology II 27

28 UNIT III Prejudice The Nature and Power of Prejudice Sources of Prejudice Techniques for countering the effects of Prejudice SAT6B-Social Psychology II 28

29 Definitions Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group SAT6B-Social Psychology II 29

30 Definitions Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups SAT6B-Social Psychology II 30

31 Definitions Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members SAT6B-Social Psychology II 31

32 Sources of Prejudice Social Sources Unequal Status Social Identity Cognitive Sources Stereotypes Perceived Similarities and Differences Illusory Correlation SAT6B-Social Psychology II 32

33 Social Sources of Prejudice Unequal Status realistic conflict theory - direct competition between groups over valued resources (jobs, schools) Robber s Cave Experiment Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis SAT6B-Social Psychology II 33

34 Social Sources of Prejudice Social Identity social categorization- divide world into ingroup ( us ) and out-group ( them ) in-group bias- view own group more favorably SAT6B-Social Psychology II 34

35 Cognitive Sources of Prejudice prejudice is by-product of our thinking processes stereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social groups influence social thought by: process information consistent with stereotype quicker focus on information consistent with stereotype use tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear consistent SAT6B-Social Psychology II 35

36 Cognitive Sources of Prejudice out-group homogeneity out-group members seen as more alike in-group differentiation in-group members seen as more diverse (heterogeneous) illusory correlations overestimating rates of negative behavior in minority groups SAT6B-Social Psychology II 36

37 Countering effects of Prejudice Social Learning teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant Increase intergroup contact contact must involve cooperation and interdependence norms favoring group equality must exist focus on individual-based (vs. category) processing SAT6B-Social Psychology II 37

38 Countering effects of Prejudice Focus on others specific traits and outcomes (attribute-driven processing) rather than on group stereotypes (category-driven processing) SAT6B-Social Psychology II 38

39 Countering effects of Prejudice Have groups work on superordinate goals Focus on similarities between in-group and nonthreatening out-group Recategorization reset boundaries between us and them, so former out-group is now included in in-group SAT6B-Social Psychology II 39

40 Countering effects of Prejudice Extended Contact Hypothesis knowing that members of in-group have formed friendships with out-group members may reduce prejudice SAT6B-Social Psychology II 40

41 UNIT IV Conflict What creates conflict? Peace Making SAT6B-Social Psychology II 41

42 What is Conflict? Conflict refers to anytime you have opposing or incompatible actions, objectives, or ideas, you have conflict. Conflicts can be between two people, countries, groups, or even within one person (an internal conflict). SAT6B-Social Psychology II 42

43 What Creates Conflict? Social Dilemmas Social trap Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior SAT6B-Social Psychology II 43

44 What Creates Conflict? The Prisoners Dilemma What would you do? confess to be granted immunity? Deny guilt? What role does communication / not being able to play here? Tragedy of the Commons Fishers, crabbers in the Chesapeake Bay Global warming / water in California Fundamental attribution error SAT6B-Social Psychology II 44

45 What Creates Conflict? Competition (group identification is a prerequisite) Realistic group conflict (Sherif, 1966) Win-lose competition Negative images of the outgroup Strong ingroup cohesiveness Pride SAT6B-Social Psychology II 45

46 What Creates Conflict? Perceived Injustice People perceive justice as equity Ratio of outcomes to inputs for self and other Distribution of rewards in proportion to Individuals contributions If one contributes more and benefits less, he will feel exploited As equality? E.g. family distributions of resources SAT6B-Social Psychology II 46

47 What Creates Conflict? Misperception Of other s motives and goals Seeds of misperception Self-serving bias Tendency to self-justify Fundamental attribution error SAT6B-Social Psychology II 47

48 Resolving social dilemmas Regulation (Government) Safeguard the common good Make the group small visibility/ accountability What s the optimal size? Communication Robyn Dawes experiment (1980) 30% vs. 80% Change the payoffs Carpools how does this change the payoffs? Appeal to altruistic norms (social norms) Why did 1/3 cooperate in Wall Street Game vs. 2/3 in Community Game? SAT6B-Social Psychology II 48

49 Peace Making How to achieve? Contact Predicts decreased prejudice Friendship Those who form friendships with outgroup members develop more positive attitudes toward the outgroup Equal-status contact Contact on an equal basis To reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be between persons equal in status SAT6B-Social Psychology II 49

50 Peace Making How to achieve? Cooperation Common external threats build cohesiveness Superordinate goals foster cooperation Shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort Cooperative learning improves racial attitudes Group and superordinate identities SAT6B-Social Psychology II 50

51 Peace Making How to achieve? Communication Bargaining Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties Mediation Attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions SAT6B-Social Psychology II 51

52 Peace Making How to achieve? Arbitration Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement Final-offer arbitration Conciliation SAT6B-Social Psychology II 52

53 Video Links Conflict: Types & Sourses Peace Making Vs Conflict SAT6B-Social Psychology II 53

54 UNIT V Application of Social Psychology Legal System Organization Health Sports, Military and Media SAT6B-Social Psychology II 54

55 Social Psychology - Applications Knowledge of social psychology can be applied in a variety of social settings, and fields of human interaction SAT6B-Social Psychology II 55

56 Social Psychology in Legal System Social Psychology helps address some of the critical questions of the Legal System How influential is eyewitness testimony? How trustworthy are eyewitness recollections? What makes a credible witness? SAT6B-Social Psychology II 56

57 Social Psychology in Legal System Social Psychology has examined many areas of legal/social significance: Accuracy and Persuasiveness of Eyewitness Testimony Criminal investigation interview techniques Factors which can affect Police lineups Jurors ability to follow judges instructions Defendant Characteristics Jury size SAT6B-Social Psychology II 57

58 Social Psychology in Legal System SAT6B-Social Psychology II 58

59 Social Psychology in Legal System SAT6B-Social Psychology II 59

60 Social Psychology in Organizations Organizations are entities that include individuals, group, interactions and all that accompanies them SAT6B-Social Psychology II 60

61 Social Psychology and Health Social Psychology studies have shown that people who engage in healthy behaviors (like exercise) with a friend or friends stick with the behaviors longer. Likewise, studies show that friends who engage in unhealthy behaviors can contribute to unhealthy behaviors. SAT6B-Social Psychology II 61

62 Social Psychology and Health SAT6B-Social Psychology II 62

63 Social Psychology and Military SAT6B-Social Psychology II 63

64 Social Psychology and Military SAT6B-Social Psychology II 64

65 Social Psychology and media Social Psychology in media deals with how our seemingly personal actions, thoughts, and feelings are part of broader patterns of continuity and social change, as our lives are shaped by social forces beyond our individual control SAT6B-Social Psychology II 65

66 Application of Social Psychology Video Links: SAT6B-Social Psychology II 66