Ms. Berdelle AP Psychology UNIT 2 EXAM: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Transcription

1 UNIT 2 EXAM: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Which of the following is considered an explanation of why bystander intervention is less likely to occur if there is a large number of witnesses to a crime? a. prejudice b. social facilitation c. diffusion of responsibility d. group polarization e. self-efficacy 2. Solomon Aschʼs findings on conformity might best be used to explain why a. members of a family all like the taste of bananas b. adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle c. people are less likely to accept blame for their failures than to accept credit for their successes d. bystander intervention is more likely to occur when few, rather than many, bystanders are present e. performance is enhanced in the presence of others 3. Which of the following explains the behavior of normally law-abiding people who act destructively when they are part of a crowd? a. group polarization b. the mere exposure effect c. deindividuation d. entrapment e. fundamental attribution error 4. A club president discovers that contributions of club members drop when the total contribution of all members is published rather than the contributions of individuals. This drop can be explained by the phenomenon of a. group polarization b. learned helplessness c. social loafing d. social facilitation e. socialization 5. Two friends attribute their high math scores to their high level of effort and ability in math and their low Spanish scores to their teacherʼs subjective grading and favoritism. In this situation these students are exhibiting a. the actor-observer effect b. the hindsight bias c. scapegoating d. equity e. the self-serving bias 6. All of the following are conditions that may lead to conflict within organizations EXCEPT a. scarce resources b. jurisdictional ambiguity c. inequities in status d. insufficient communication e. superordinate goals

2 7. According to the theory of fundamental attribution error, when explaining the failures of others we usually underestimate the significance of a. situational factors b. dispositional factors c. motivational factors d. support systems e. inherited traits 8. Social facilitation theory focuses on situations in which the presence of others causes an individualʼs performance to a. remain unchanged b. decline c. improve d. spontaneously recover e. become fixated 9. The common tendency to assume that the beliefs, values, attitudes, or actions of oneʼs own group are superior to those of other groups is called a. deindividuation b. groupthink c. observer bias d. ethnocentrism e. reactance 10. When members of a group who tend to agree on an issue become more extreme in their opinion after the issue is discussed, which of the following has taken place? a. deindividuation b. depersonalization c. groupthink d. group norming e. group polarization 11. The frustration-aggression hypothesis views aggression as a. unconscious b. physiological c. innate d. reactive e. cognitive 12. Which of the following concepts can NOT be used to explain why the 38 onlookers neglected to intervene in the case of Kitty Genovese? a. bystander effect b. social exchange theory c. deindividuation d. social facilitation e. conformity

3 13. Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, but he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will a. gather information on the dangers of smoking b. start smoking more frequently c. argue that his friends should stop smoking d. focus on the social advantages to smoking e. experience no tension 14. Stanley Milgramʼs classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 60% e. 85% 15. Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective rather than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system? a. interdependent b. interrelated c. independent d. integrated e. inner-directed 16. The just-world hypothesis would best explain which of the following phenomena? a. blaming the victim b. cognitive dissonance c. the need for power d. bystander apathy e. groupthink 17. Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior? a. collectivistic b. individualistic c. psychoanalytic d. evolutionary e. humanistic 18. The term group polarization refers to the tendency for a. two opposing factions to emerge within a group b. the prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion c. a single leader to eventually dominate most groups d. one or more group members to eventually have their opinions disregarded e. democratic leadership to decrease as the length of meetings increases

4 19. Marc performs poorly on a psychology exam and explain his failure by saying, That test was so hard no one could pass it. This explanation illustrates a. reciprocal determinism b. self-serving bias c. the fundamental attribution error d. the representativeness heuristic e. the just-world hypothesis 20. Jim is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone. Researchers would explain Jimʼs behavior using which of the following theories? a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. group polarization d. groupthink e. normative social influence 21. Research findings in the area of interpersonal attraction indicate that individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are a. critical of them b. similar to them in attitudes and values c. like their parents d. willing to do favors for them e. indulgent of their failings 22. According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to a. good luck b. his intelligence c. his instructorʼs teaching ability d. the low level of difficulty of the exam e. his classmatesʼ inadequate preparation for the exam 23. Which of the following was true of Solomon Aschʼs experiments on conformity? a. People conformed if they knew and respected the authority figure present b. An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased conformity by experimental subjects c. Experimental subjects conformed less frequently when their judgements were made known to the group d. About 99% of the judgements made by the experimental subjects were wrong e. If the confederatesʼ judgements were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased. 24. Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm? a. Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers. b. Most people sleep at least six hours a night. c. The average annual income of industrial workers in 1972 was $7,250. d. Male infants have a higher infant mortality rates than female infants. e. People perform well-learned behaviors better in the presence of others than when alone.

5 25. A teacher who is mistakenly informed that a student is learning disabled begins to treat that student differently from others. The teacher does not call on the student in class or help her with challenging material. The studentʼs grades gradually decline. This result is an example of which of the following? a. reactance b. social loafing c. actor-observer bias d. self-fulfilling prophecy e. fundamental attribution error 26. Bart complied with his friendʼ request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early on Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bartʼs experience best illustrates the: a. bystander effect b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon c. fundamental attribution error d. frustration-aggression principle e. group polarization 27. Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates a. deindividuation. b. the bystander effect. c. a situational attribution. d. the reciprocity norm. e. a dispositional attribution. 28. The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between and liking. a. similarity b. physical arousal c. physical attractiveness d. self-disclosure e. proximity 29. The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study a. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores. b. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard. c. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued. d. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals. e. were selectively chosen in order to maximize their effectiveness as prisoners or guards. 30. While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of a. social exchange theory. b. the two-factor theory of emotion. c. social facilitation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the bystander effect.

6 31. Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of a. the ingroup bias. b. a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency. c. indifference and apathy. d. their feelings of limited responsibility. e. emergency preparedness. 32. Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs? a. attribution theory b. social exchange theory c. cognitive dissonance theory d. the two-factor theory of emotion e. the reciprocity norm 33. Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates mood contagion in listeners. This best illustrates a. the mere exposure effect. b. the bystander effect. c. the chameleon effect. d. ingroup bias. e. self-disclosure. 34. Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of a. the mere exposure effect. b. informational social influence. c. normative social influence. d. social facilitation. e. the reciprocity norm. 35. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage a. altruism. b. nonconformity. c. ingroup bias. d. groupthink. e. superordinate goals. 36. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the a. teachers actually seemed to enjoy shocking the learners. b. learners received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. c. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. d. teachers were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. e. participants were never debriefed about the true nature of the study. 37. On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be LEAST likely to lead to better and faster performance? a. raking leaves b. washing dishes c. bicycle racing d. reciting the alphabet e. solving a crossword puzzle

7 38. The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate a. personal space. b. cultural influence. c. the priming process. d. the reciprocity norm. e. self-disclosure. 39. The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of a. genetic predispositions. b. roles. c. attributions. d. personal space. e. norms. 40. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called a. superordinate goals. b. situational attributions. c. stereotypes. d. social norms. e. social traps. 41. Prejudice is a(n) ; discrimination is a(n). a. dispositional attribution; situational attribution b. ingroup bias; outgroup bias c. normative influence; informational influence d. attitude; behavior e. role; norm 42. A social trap is a situation in which a. people lose self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity. b. there are insufficient resources to satisfy the needs of all group members. c. a lack of critical thinking results from a strong desire for group harmony. d. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm. e. altruism violates a social-responsibility norm. 43. Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of a. the mere exposure effect. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. the bystander effect. d. scapegoat theory. e. social facilitation. 44. Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively? a. a noisy neighbor who often mows his lawn at 8 o'clock on Saturday mornings b. a child who tries to hit another child with a rock c. an assertive salesperson who interrupts your evening meal with a telephone sales pitch d. a careless motorist who accidentally smashes into the fender of a parked car e. a boxer working out alone and practicing her uppercut 45. Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that a. many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters. b. most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances. c. women are more likely rape victims than are men. d. most rapes are never reported to the police. e. rape creates powerful, long-lasting conditioned fears.