1.1 Ethics vs Mor'ls vs V'lues The difference is expl'ined by the following di'gr'm

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1 1. Wh#t is Ethics? We he'r the word ethicsʼ now 'nd then. Often we confuse between the words ethics, v'lues 'nd mor'ls. In this 'rticle, we sh'll try to cle'r these confusions. Ethics is ' wider term encomp'ssing v'lues 'nd mor'ls. It is the br'nch of knowledge th't de'ls with mor'l principles. Ethics is ' br'nch of philosophy which de'ls with the questions like wh't is good or b'd 'nd why. In our society there 're m'ny institutions th't tell us wh't is good or b'd, right from our f'mily. Ethics 's ' br'nch of knowledge tries to 'n'lyse the v'rious systems.the v'rious influences in our ethic'l thoughts 're the soci'l norms, l'w of l'nd(constitution), religion, knowledge etc. 1.1 Ethics vs Mor'ls vs V'lues The difference is expl'ined by the following di'gr'm 1.2 How do we know wh't is ethic'l? In our d'ily life, we c'n follow the following principles to know wh't is ethic'l Is it sensible? Use of our own senses to judge the 'ction. For ex'mple, you 're going to che't on your friend. Is it ple's'nt to you 'nd your friend? No. Then the 'ction is unethic'l. Thus TRUSTʼ becomes ' virtue Is it desir'ble? Check with the C'tegoric'l imper'tive Act 's if the m'xim of thy 'ction were to become by thy will ' univers'l l'w of n'ture. Which me'ns Are you willing to permit everyone to 'dopt the 'ction? If Yes, your 'ction is mor'l. If No, your 'ction is immor'l. For ex'mple, 's ' civil engineer, you decided to go for ' subst'nd'rd building m'teri'l, for f'vouring ' p'rticul'r contr'ctor.

2 Think whether you permit this if the s'me is going to be your own house? No. Then your 'ction is unethic'l Thus Adhering to Qu'lityʼ becomes ' mor'l Will it bring gre'test good to gre'test number of people? Utilit'ri'nism s'ys th't 'ctions 're right if they 're useful or for the benefit of ' m'jority Finds 'pplic'tions in govern'nce For ex'mple, t'ke l'bour reforms. It will help 90% of workers, where 's the 10% who 're 'lre'dy enjoying the protective l'ws will lose. Utilit'ri'n principle will give yesʼ for the reforms Will it viol'tes others b'sic rights? B'sed on the belief th't 'll hum'n h've the right to live with dignity If 'n 'ction viol'tes the b'sic rights of 'nyone else, it is unethic'l For ex'mple, A r'ilw'y engineer decided to skip the m'nd'tory s'fety checks of the tr'ck, owing to work pressure. But this negligence c'n cost life of tr'vellers, if 'ccident h'ppens. He/she c'nnot t'ke the right to life of others for gr'nted Thus Adhering to s'fety pr'cticesʼ is ' mor'l responsibility The ethic'lity of 'n 'ction c'n be judged in different w'ys The br'nch of ethics which explores mor'lity is c'lled META ETHICS 1.3 Deciding f'ctors in 'n 'ction The mor'lity of 'n 'ction depends on its 1 Situ'tion 2 Individu'lʼs role 3 Sc'le of the effect of 'ctions So the 'ction should be judged b'sed on 1 The motive of the 'ction 2 How the 'ction is done, ie the w'y 'dopted

3 3 The consequences of the 'ction 4 The situ'tion of the 'ctor, whether he or she h'd the free will to 'ct 5 The options 'v'il'ble to the 'ctor 1.4 Ethic'l vs Leg'l vs Norms Ethic'l or Mor'l Leg'l Norms The 'ctions 're judged b'sed on cert'in principles 's discussed 'bove Aims to m'int'in mor'lity M'y be codified or un codified H's ' mech'nism to enforce it Are rules of beh'viour in society or org'nis'tion They comes from v'lues. They 're specific like codes of conduct Every mor'l things m'y not be leg'l Every illeg'l things m'y not be immor'l All leg'l m'y not be mor'l Ex- Triple t'l'q, which discrimin'tes women, w's leg'l untill the court decl'red it 's unconstitution'l Ex: Do not use cell phones in cl'ss room Give se't to elders in ' public pl'ce etc The br'nch of ethics which de'ls the question wh't is good 'nd b'd is c'lled NORMATIVE ETHICS

4 2. V#lues #nd Virtues If v'lues 're the go'l, virtues 're the w'y to get there. Virtues 're inn'te good qu'lities or mor'ls within people. For ex'mple integrity is ' v'lue. Openness,Honesty, Sincerity, Forthrightness, Incorruptibility, Righteousness, Probity etc 're the virtues th't helps to 'tt'in integrity. 2.1 Integrity Integrity refers to qu'lity of ' personʼs ch'r'cter 1 Me'ns 'bsence of conflicts within ' person 2 The person will h've cl'rity in thoughts 3 He or she will be confident 4 There will be no conflict 'nd confusion between priorities in life 5 Absence of integrity m'kes one vulner'ble 3. Ethic#l dilemm#s Are situ'tions in which there is ' choice to be m'de between two options, neither of which resolves the situ'tion in 'n ethic'lly 'ccept'ble f'shion. The common ethic'l dilemm's 're 1 To prioritize one ethic'l principle over 'nother 2 When person'l v'lues come into conflict with the profession'l v'lues This is norm'lly c'lled 's conflict of interest. 3.1 Conflict of Interest Is ' situ'tion th't h's the potenti'l to undermine the imp'rti'lity of ' person bec'use of the possibility of ' cl'sh between the personʼs selfinterest 'nd profession'l interest or public interest. The common dilemm's 're 1 Receiving gifts You 're working 's 'n engineer, 'nd the contr'ctor who c'rries out projects in your dep'rtment 'nd you 're good friends. C'n you 'ccept gifts from him during festiv'ls? 2 Bre'ching confidenti'lity When your spouse or rel'tives 'sk

5 for critic'l inform'tion from our office, which is not supposed to be disclosed 3 Affecting imp'rti'lity You h'ppens to be in 'n interview p'nel to select c'ndid'tes for job, in which your rel'tive or friend is 'lso p'rticip'ting 4 Reporting m'lpr'ctices When you come to know th't your friend or rel'tive is doing m'lpr'ctice, will you report to 'uthority? 3.2 How to solve? For ethic'l dilemm's there is no e'sy 'nswer, 'nd sometimes there is no right 'nswer. You h've to decide wh'tʼs best for your person'l rel'tions 'nd your profession. But some b'sic principles c'n be followed. They 're 1 Listen to your voice of conscience This will buy time 'nd prevents impulsive 'ctions 2 Be responsible Do not ignore your responsibility. For ex'mple, 'n engineer h's to t'ke c're of s'fety, however compelling the other f'ctors m'y be 3 Respect otherʼs fund'ment'l rights 4 Give preference to l'rger good, comp'red to ' sm'ller good(soci'l responsibility) 5 Decl're 'ny conflict of interest e'rly, in c'ses like 'ny commerci'l interests conflicting with office work 6 Rescue yourself from situ'tions like being in 'n interview p'nel where friend is 'lso p'rticip'ting 4. Emotion#l Intelligence Ac'demic 'ptitude (IQ) w's once considered the most import'nt p'rt of intelligence. But now Emotion'l Intelligence is recognised 's pl'ying ' m'jor role in ' personʼs success. Tod'y comp'nies worldwide routinely look through the lens of EI in hiring, promoting, 'nd developing their employees.

6 4.1 Emotions Emotions 're recorded experiences in the br'in. H've s'lience, ie the emotions 're either +ve or -ve. Emotion'l decisions seems to be spont'neous or impulsive. These emotions h've ' signific'nt role in decision m'king 'long with re'soning. While re'soning is used in exploring v'rious options; emotions 're used to decide 'mong v'rious options. 4.2 Components of EI The emotion'l intelligence is the 'bility to to identify 'nd m'n'ge your own emotions 'nd the emotions of others. This requires 1 Perception 're you correctly recognising your emotions? Wonʼt you confuse sometimes whether you 're s'd, or 'ngry or disgusted? Observe c'refully own emotions 'nd recognise them. 2 Attribution is 'ssigning re'sons for your emotions. H'snʼt there be situ'tions where you just do not know why 're you s'd? An'lyse wh't h'ppened 'nd find the 'ctu'l c'use 3 M'n'gement is knowledge when 'nd how to use your emotions. Once you h've proper perception 'nd correct 'ttribution, you know when 'nd how your emotions occur. Thus you c'n m'n'ge them. 4 Expression emotions 're to be expressed. There is ' w'y to express it. See good le'ders, they 're very good 't expressing their emotions. 4.3 Wh't is EI? Thus emotion'l intelligence is 'bout how well one is m'n'ging his or her own emotions 'nd rel'tions. A person with EI, 1 C'n regul'te own emotions Ex- m'n'ging 'nger. 2 Underst'nd own emotions, with right 'ttribution 3 Use emotions in decision m'king by using emotion'l inform'tion to guide thinking 'nd beh'viour 4 Underst'nd others emotions Ex- good interperson'l 'nd

7 le'dership skills 4.4 How EI helps? EI helps ' person in 1 M'int'ining good rel'tions with others 2 Better expression of emotions 3 Gives m'stery over ' situ'tion p'rticul'rly in c'n of dilemm's. EI pl'ys ' m'jor role in h'ndling the unforeseen situ'tions. 4 Gives confidence to t'ckle 'ny problems in public 'nd person'l life 5 Achieve self motiv'tion 5. Attitude Are ev'lu'tion of v'rious 'spects of the soci'l world such 's th't tow'rds ' person, object, event, ideology etc. It c'n be either positive or neg'tive. Soci'l f'ctors h've ' m'jor role in determining ' personʼs 'ttitude. For ex'mple we Indi'ns do jug''dʼ 's 'n 'ccept'ble form of frug'l engineering. The 'bsence of sufficient resources h've cre'ted this societ'l 'ttitude of finding solutions through shortcuts. When the 'ttitude is formed tow'rds ' person or soci'l group, it cre'tes ' stereotype. 5.1 Components Attitude h's cognitive, 'ffective 'nd beh'vior'l components 1 Cognitive(belief) The 'ct or process of knowing 'nd perceiving. Involves judgment, 'nd re'soning. Ex'mple belief th't 'll ex'ms 're difficult 2 Emotion'l(likes&dislikes) Feelings 'nd emotions formed out the believes 'nd perceptions. Ex'mple h'ting ex'ms(formed from belief th't 'll ex'ms 're difficult)

8 3 Beh'viour'l('ctions&in'ctions) how 'ttitude is expressed. Ex'mple do not 'pply for 'ny ex'ms (bec'use of h'tred tow'rds the ex'ms) 5.2 Persu'sion Is effort to ch'nge the 'ttitudes, beliefs, perceptions or beh'viours. The success of persu'sion depends on three f'ctors: (1) source there is ' difference when your mother tells not to e't junk food 'nd when Vir't Kohli s'ys the s'me. (2) mess'ge m'ny will not listen to the tr'ffic policeʼs mess'ge to we'r helmet, but when it comes 'long with ' emotion'l tone of c're for f'mily, more people obeys. (3) t'rget young minds c'n be e'sily persu'ded, so the p'ck'ged foods business m'inly t'rget kids in their 'dvertisements. 6. Power #nd Authority Power is the 'bility to get things done despite resist'nce. Authority is ' legitim'te power. 6.1 Types of power The six types of power 're Coercive Power often the le'st effective but most employed('bused) is forcing someone to do something 'g'inst their will rely on thre'ts, bullying Rew'rd Power is the concept of do this 'nd get th't is useful 's long 's the rew'rd is perceived 's h'ving v'lue used to incre'se mor'le Legitim'te Power is the power of position or role ' form'lized w'y of ensuring th't there is someone to m'ke ' decision 'nd th't someone is responsible

9 Referent Power Is the power 'nd 'bility for 'n individu'l to 'ttr'ct others 'nd to build loy'lty cre'ted through the v'lues of the individu'l Inform'tion'l Power is the power of h'ving inform'tion th't 'nother does not h've used to me'sure 'nd improve t'sks, processes, 'nd str'tegies Expert Power when 'n individu'l possesses in-depth inform'tion, knowledge, or expertise in the 're' th't they 're responsible for is often the most effective type of power they c'n often persu'de others do to things for them using trust 'nd respect 6.2 Types of Authority Ch'rism'tic 'uthority le'der is not only c'p'ble of but 'ctu'lly possesses the superior power of ch'rism' Ex- M'h'tm' G'ndhi, M'rtin Luther King Jr. Tr'dition'l 'uthority depends on est'blished tr'dition or order b'sed on some kind of ' domin'nt power Ex F'ther in ' f'mily Leg'l-r'tion'l 'uthority Is grounded in cle'rly defined l'ws Ex the President of Indi' 7. Corpor'te Ethics The bro'd 're' de'ling with the w'y in which ' comp'ny beh'ves tow'rds, 'nd conducts business with, its intern'l 'nd extern'l st'keholders, including employees, investors, creditors, customers, 'nd regul'tors. 7.1 Corpor'te Govern'nce

10 Govern'nce is 'bout doing wh't is f'ir in ' tr'nsp'rent m'nner with full 'ccount'bility. It is 'bout enh'ncing sh'reholder v'lue on ' sust'in'ble b'sis while ensuring f'irness, tr'nsp'rency 'nd 'ccount'bility in every 'ction vis-p-vis every st'keholder customers, employees, investors, vendor-p'rtners, government of the l'nd 'nd society. It results from m'int'ining tr'nsp'rency in 'll 'ctions Sound corpor'te govern'nce is critic'l in enh'ncing 'nd ret'ining investor trust. It includes M'king ' cle'r distinction between person'l convenience 'nd corpor'te resources Communic'ting extern'lly in ' truthful m'nner 'bout how the comp'ny is run intern'lly Complying with the l'ws in 'll the countries in which the comp'ny oper'tes A three-tier governing system for comp'nies is suggested where A supervisory bo'rd is constituted 'nd should l'y down the fr'mework for the functioning of the bo'rd of directors -It will monitor perform'nce 's well 's the v'lue system for the comp'ny The bo'rd of directors m'n'ges the 'ff'irs of the comp'ny 'nd oversee the functioning of the executive m'n'gement The executive runs the d'y to d'y oper'tions. Role of Independent directors, Comp'ny Secret'ry 'nd Auditors Independent directors 're custodi'ns of corpor'te ethics. The comp'ny secret'ry should ensure compli'nce with the regul'tions of the l'nd The 'uditors will h've 'n objective check on the fin'nci'l st'tements prep'red by the directors The regul'tors Comp'nies 're regul'ted under the comp'nies 'ct. If they 're listed in

11 the stock exch'nge, SEBI(Securities 'nd Exch'nge Bo'rd of Indi') w'tches over cert'in oper'tions, especi'lly to protect the sm'll sh'reholders. The ch'llenges 're 1 Ensuring independence in spirit of Independent Directors 'nd their 'ctive p'rticip'tion in functioning of the comp'ny 2 Improving s'fegu'rds 'nd disclosures pert'ining to Rel'ted P'rty Tr'ns'ctions 3 Issues in 'ccounting 'nd 'uditing pr'ctices by listed comp'nies 4 Addressing issues f'ced by investors on voting 'nd p'rticip'tion in gener'l meetings 7.2 Work Culture The work culture decides the w'y employees inter'ct with e'ch other 'nd how 'n org'nis'tion functions. It helps to incre'se the mor'le of the employees Mor'le is expressed in self-confidence, enthusi'sm, 'nd loy'lty to the org'nis'tion. It stems from the peopleʼs conviction 'bout the righteousness or worth of their 'ctions 'nd the hopes of high rew'rds in the future. It improves the cohesion ie unity, solid'rity, connection, 'nd interrel'tedness with in the org'nis'tion. Improves productivity helps in higher levels of org'niz'tion'l effectiveness, fin'nci'l perform'nce 'nd customer s'tisf'ction. It incre'ses positive emotions 'nd well-being. It 'ttr'cts employees to the org'nis'tion. Work culture is 'bout Beliefs, thought processes, 'ttitudes of the employees. Ideologies 'nd principles of the org'nis'tion. For ex'mple, The comp'ny which believes in diversity will include more fem'le employees

12 The 'rmed forces work culture is strict hier'rchic'l, where obedience is given more import'nce 7.3 Corpor'te Soci'l Responsibility Is ' comp'nyʼs initi'tives to 'ssess 'nd t'ke responsibility for its effects on environment'l 'nd soci'l wellbeing. Corpor'tions c'n h've detriment'l effects on the environment. Ex'mple Oil spills. Industries such 's chemic'l m'nuf'cturing, mining, 'griculture 'nd fishing c'n do perm'nent d'm'ge to loc'l ecosystems. Clim'te ch'nge c'n 'lso be 'ttributed in l'rge p'rt to corpor'tions. Ex- Power corpor'tions M'ny corpor'tions h've profited from the deterior'tion of the glob'l environment. In m'ny c'ses, h'rm to the environment 'nd h'rm to vulner'ble communities go h'nd-in-h'nd CSR is the w'y through which ' comp'ny 'chieves ' b'l'nce of economic, environment'l 'nd soci'l imper'tives ( Triple-Bottom-Line- Appro'ch ). Key CSR issues 're : environment'l m'n'gement, eco-efficiency, responsible sourcing, st'keholder eng'gement, l'bour st'nd'rds 'nd working conditions, employee 'nd community rel'tions, soci'l equity, gender b'l'nce, hum'n rights, good govern'nce, 'nd 'nti-corruption me'sures. 8. Profession#l Ethics Profession'ls possess 'nd use speci'lised knowledge 'nd skill. Educ'tion without v'lues, 's useful 's it is, seems r'ther to m'ke m'n ' more clever devil So the profession'ls who possess skill 'nd knowledge needs ' direction. Profession'l Ethics encomp'ss the person'l, org'niz'tion'l, 'nd

13 corpor'te st'nd'rds of beh'vior. 8.1 Ethic'l Skills Ethic'l skills 're distinguished from the self-help skills 'nd soci'l skills, 's those which helps in Ethic'l sensitivity, involves the skill or 'bility to interpret the re'ctions 'nd feelings of others. Ethic'l judgement if 'n ethic'l situ'tion exists 'nd requires 'ction, he or she must decide which course of 'ction is the most justifi'ble in the situ'tion Ethic'l motiv'tion is the desire to be ethic'l 'nd to 'ct 'nd live in ' m'nner consistent with oneʼs mor'l v'lues. Ethic'l 'ction, involves determining the best w'y to implement the chosen decision 'nd h'ving the 'bility 'nd confidence to persist to completion. To 'chieve these, the ethic'l skills should encomp'ss Code of conduct, cour'ge, depend'bility, duty, efficiency, ingenuity, initi'tive, persever'nce, punctu'lity, resourcefulness, respect for 'll etc Where 's the Self-Help Skills 're C're of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self-reli'nce, 'nd tidy 'ppe'r'nce etc The Soci'l Skills includes Good beh'viour, good m'nners, good rel'tionships, helpfulness, No w'st'ge 'nd good environment etc. 8.2 Code of Ethics 'nd Code of Conduct Are the two common w'ys th't comp'nies 'nd profession'ls selfregul'te.the profession'l bodies commonly est'blish codes of conduct 'nd ethic'l codes for the guid'nce of their members. Code of Ethics Referred to 's ' V'lue St'tement Acts like the Constitution with gener'l principles to guide beh'viour within 'n org'nis'tion Outlines ' set of principles th't 'ffect decision-m'king

14 Code of Conduct Outlines specific beh'viours th't 're required or prohibited Ex- Forbid sexu'l h'r'ssment 't work pl'ces 9. Environment#l Ethics De'ls with rel'tionship of m'n with environment. Some common questions in environment'l ethics 're Should hum'ns continue deforest'tion for the s'ke of food production? Should hum'ns continue to m'ke g'soline-powered vehicles? Is it right for hum'ns to knowingly c'use the extinction of ' species? Should we stop 'll development'l works to conserve the environment? Should we continue to use co'l for power gener'tion? The concept of Sust'in'ble development Sust'in'ble development is development th't meets the needs of the present without compromising the 'bility of future gener'tions to meet their own needs. It cont'ins within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in p'rticul'r the essenti'l needs of the worldʼs poor, to which overriding priority should be given; 'nd the ide' of limit'tions imposed by the st'te of technology 'nd soci'l org'niz'tion on the environmentʼs 'bility to meet present 'nd future needs. The go'ls of economic 'nd soci'l development must be defined in terms of sust'in'bility in 'll countries developed or developing, m'rket-oriented or centr'lly pl'nned. The environment'l ethics h's person'l dimensions such 's ethic'l consumerism minimising w'ste 'nd recycling love for n'ture 'nd other living beings etc

15 The br'nch of ethics concerned with p'rticul'r mor'l issues like corpor'te ethics, environment'l ethics etc, is c'lled APPLIED ETHICS