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1 The Fundamental Role of Vision in - Cognition -Behavior - Social Organization Jim Sheedy, OD, PhD Pacific University

2 International ti Congress of Behavioral Optometry

3 International ti Congress of Behavioral Optometry

4 Eyes and Brain

5 Introspection on Consciousness

6 We can be aware a of these differences in our consciousness Awareness No words Vision based Thinking Words Speech/hearing based

7 Consciousness Primary consciousness State of being mentally aware of things in the world Higher order consciousness The ability to be aware of being aware Right brain/left brain Gerald Edelman, MD, PhD

8 The Human Brain

9 Split brain research Roger Wolcott Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga shared the 1981 Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine with David Hubel and Torstein Wiesel Animal studies Human patients with epilepsy

10 Split brain Hearing and speech Vision perception Left side of body Right side of body

11 Advanced cognitive skills use neural frameworks established for vision and hearing/speech

12 Higher level skills built upon vision and hearing/speech Right Brain Vision based Parallel processing Holistic Understanding Feelings Intuition Beliefs Silent no words Survival Left Brain Verbally based Serial processing Words Thinking Logic Deduction

13 Development of Eyes and Vision

14 Universe age: ± 0.12 billion years Earth age 4.55 billion years

15 4 billion - simple cells 3 billion - photosynthesis, 2 billion - complex cells 1 billion - multicellular life, 600 million - simple animals 570 million -arthropods 550 million - complex animals 500 million - fish and proto-amphibians, 475 million - land plants, 400 million - insects and seeds, 360 million - amphibians, 300 million - reptiles, 200 million - mammals, 150 million - birds, 130 million - flowers, 65 million - dinosaurs died out 6 million divergence from ape line 100,000 homo sapiens Pre-Cambrian Cambrian Life on earth (in years) 150 illi bi d

16 The Cambrian explosion million years ago Prior to this most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. All basic body plans developed here heads, tails, and appendages Evolution of all current animals has come from this era. Rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals First appearance of vision i

17 Vision in the Cambrian Explosion Rapid development of eyes Large survival benefits from vision Vision drives survival and evolution Strong evolutionary pressure to develop vision Behavior driven by vision Vision drives neural processing In the Blink of an Eye, Andrew Parker

18 Genesis of vision? David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley University of California at Santa Barbara Opsin genes (pictured in blue) offer the first evidence of sight in animals. The hydras have opsin proteins all over their bodies and are reactive to light, but have no eyes. Source: National Science Foundation web-site

19 Genesis of vision? An eye cup OFF ON Receptive field communication with muscle movement

20 Genesis of vision? Proposed evolutionary development of eye Nilsson, Dan-Erik: Department of Zoology, Lund University in Sweden.

21 Vision provided a map of the external environment a sense of self survival a sense of group protection and survival reproduction and survival

22 Gravity detection Perfect partner with Vision Oi Orientation ti in world For the most part, all vertebrates and invertebrates contain some type of organ(s) that t allows them to maintain equilibrium with respect to gravity and movement

23 Balance organ Statocyst Likely occurred early in evolution

24 Development of Ears and Hearing

25 Evolution of hearing Much less is known Probably early in evolution, but not as early as eyes Possibly as early as 260 million years ago Lateral line in fish Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones Jaw bones transformed in mammals Transitional mammal Yanoconodon allini Transitional mammal Yanoconodon allini lived 125 million years ago

26 Hearing perception Major advance was speech Speech partners with hearing Speech is unique to humans

27 Speech development Many questions remain: 500,000 years ago Throat and ear bones of Stone Age ancestors indicate some speech, but archaic. 100,000 to 40,000 years ago transition to facial and neck traits needed for modern speech in H. sapiens. 40,000 years ago eight hearing-related related genes show signs of having systematically evolved (John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin Madison) Some alterations on these genes occurred as recently as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.

28 Early Human Development (years ago) 6 million divergence of apes and human ancestors s from a common ancestor 2.5 million first stone tools 150,000 30,000 Neanderthal man 100,000 years first appearance of Homo Sapiens (us) 70,000 50,000 first burials 60,000 years first boats 60,000-30,000 years first art and religion 12,000 11,000 beginning plant selection and agriculture 8,000 first cities 5,000 first Civilizations (e.g. Egyptian), wheel invented, writing invented 3,500 first alphabetic writing 3,500 to 2,500 Old Testament is written 3,000 first New World Civilizations (e.g. Inca, Aztec)

29 Development of Human Perception and Mind We emerged from a vision based world (right brain) self group survival Our visual mind played (and plays) the major role in defining our perception of world and relationships Speech-based perception (left brain) is an overlay on the visual perception

30 Development of Human Perception and Mind Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group

31 Cogito ergo sum What is ego? Rene Descartes ( ) 2 components to Ego Sense of self Vision based The thinking self Hearing/speech based Uniquely human

32 What is group? Sense of group Vision based Cooperation for survival Cooperation for success Carl Jung s collective unconscious Group thoughts Speech/hearing based Governance and cooperation Knowledge base Foundations for towns to civilizations

33 Western Civilization the left brain emerges in group governance and direction

34 The Greeks (750 BCE 350 BCE) Written language BCE Oldest known literary writings Iliad and the Odyssey 700 BCE Formally developed the left brain Conscious inquiry into life and nature Rules of reasoning and logic Introduced reason and thought into human guidance

35 Socrates (470 B.C B.C.) Athenian philosopher Method of inquiry Socratic method Continued questioning i Not taking a point of view Great teacher No writings Known through most famous pupil Plato Difficult to distinguish i i their ideas Chose to drink hemlock instead of being banished

36 Plato (427 BC -347 BC) Knowledge gained through h the senses always remains confused and impure True knowledge is gained through contemplation by the soul Soul alone can have knowledge of the forms World is an imperfect copy Idealist and rationalist

37 Allegory of the Cave and the 2 worlds Divided Line (Plato) Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds us World of change and uncertainty Illusions and beliefs We can only have opinions in this world Intelligible world (Speech) Unchanging products of human reason Contains eternal forms (Visual cognition?) Ideas Reason and intelligence World of reality We can have knowledge in this world

38 Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato) The 2 worlds each have a lower and upper region Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds us Lower region Illusion Upper region - Belief Intelligible world (Speech) Lower region Reason Upper region - Intelligence

39 Plato s 2 worlds Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group Intelligible ibl world Sensible world

40 Plato s 2 worlds Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Reason Group thoughts Seeing Illusion Group Intelligible ibl world Sensible world

41 Plato s 2 worlds Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Reason Intelligence Group thoughts Seeing Illusion Belief Group Intelligible ibl world Sensible world

42 The Sensory Mind Similar to Plato s analysis

43 The Sensory Mind Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group

44 The Sensory Mind Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts Self Feelings Seeing Beliefs Group

45 The Sensory Mind Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts Self Feelings Creativity Seeing Beliefs Understanding Group

46 Sigmund Freud ( ) Large unconsciousness driven by sexual and other aggressive drives Goal of therapy is to make the unconscious conscious Id, ego, superego

47 The Visual, or unconscious side of our mind

48 Carl Jung ( ) 1961) Psyche divided into 3 parts Ego Personal unconscious Collective unconscious He missed group thoughts Speech (L) Ego thoughts Hearing & Speaking Group thoughts Vision (R) Self Seeing Group

49 Myers Briggs test (1962) Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) Katharine Briggs (mother) Paper and pencil test based on Jung typologies I E N S T F P - J

50 Myers Briggs test (1962) Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) Katharine Briggs (mother) Paper and pencil test based on Jung typologies I E N S T F P - J Not from Jung

51 Jung personality typology Attitude scale Introversion ego oriented towards the personal unconsciousness E t i i t d t d Extroversion ego oriented towards the collective unconsciousness

52 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group

53 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts I Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts E Group

54 Jung personality typology Judging scale Thinking Preference for deciding via objective impersonal logic Feeling Preference for deciding via subjective and emotional responses

55 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts I Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts E Group

56 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing Beliefs Group

57 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic T Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing F Beliefs Group

58 Jung personality typology Perceiving scale Sensing Preference for obtaining information through the senses ses as facts and details INtuition Preference for obtaining information as Preference for obtaining information as relationships, patterns, and possibilities

59 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic T Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing F Beliefs Group

60 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking T Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Creativity Seeing F Beliefs Understanding Group

61 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego N thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking T Deduction Group thoughts S I S Self N Feelings Creativity Seeing F Beliefs Understanding Group E

62 The Four Circles of Skeffington* Centering Where is it? Identification What is it? C I V Vision The Emergent Anti-gravity Where am I? Where are my body parts one relative to another? A S/A Speech Auditory What do I know about it? What can I tell you about it? *From Paul Alan Harris

63 The Four Circles of Skeffington* Centering Where is it? Anti-gravity Where am I? Where are my body parts one relative to another? C Vision (Right brain) A losal and other co onnection ns V Cal I Speech (Left brain) S/A Identification What is it? Vision The Emergent Speech Auditory What do I know about it? What can I tell you about it? *From Paul Alan Harris

64 The Visual, or unconscious side of our mind

65 The Fundamental Role of Vision in - Cognition -Behavior - Social Organization Jim Sheedy, OD, PhD Pacific University

66 International ti Congress of Behavioral Optometry

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