Vision as the Basis for Mind and Human Behavior
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1 In honor of Gustav Fechner Vision as the Basis for Mind and Human Behavior Jim Sheedy, OD, PhD Pacific University
2 The Human Brain
3 Split brain research Roger Wolcott Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga shared the 1981 Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine with David Hubel and Torstein Wiesel Animal studies Human patients with epilepsy
4 Split brain Hearing and speech Vision perception Left side of body Right side of body
5 Advanced cognitive skills use neural frameworks established for vision and hearing/speech
6 Higher level skills are built upon vision and hearing/speech Right Brain Vision based Parallel processing Holistic Understanding Feelings Intuition Beliefs Silent no words Survival Left Brain Verbally based Serial processing Words Thinking Logic Deduction
7 Introspection on Consciousness
8 We can be aware of these differences in our consciousness Awareness No words Vision based Thinking Words Speech/hearing based
9 Consciousness Primary consciousness State of being mentally aware of things in the world Higher order consciousness The ability to be aware of being aware Right brain/left brain Gerald Edelman, MD, PhD
10 Development of Eyes and Vision
11 Universe age: ± 0.12 billion years Earth age 4.55 billion years
12 4 billion - simple cells 3 billion - photosynthesis, 2 billion - complex cells 1 billion - multicellular life, 600 million - simple animals 570 million - arthropods 550 million - complex animals 500 million - fish and proto-amphibians, 475 million - land plants, 400 million - insects and seeds, 360 million - amphibians, 300 million - reptiles, 200 million - mammals, 150 million - birds, 130 million - flowers, 65 million - dinosaurs died out 6 million divergence from ape line 100,000 homo sapiens Pre-Cambrian Cambrian Life on earth (in years)
13 The Cambrian explosion million years ago Prior to this most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. All basic body plans developed here heads, tails, and appendages Evolution of all current animals has come from this era. Rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals First appearance of vision
14 Vision in the Cambrian Explosion Rapid development of eyes Large survival benefits from vision Vision drives survival and evolution Strong evolutionary pressure to develop vision Behavior driven by vision Vision drives neural processing In the Blink of an Eye, Andrew Parker
15 Genesis of vision? David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley University of California at Santa Barbara Opsin genes (pictured in blue) offer the first evidence of sight in animals. The hydras have opsin proteins all over their bodies and are reactive to light, but have no eyes. Source: National Science Foundation web-site
16 Genesis of vision? An eye cup OFF ON Receptive field communication with muscle movement
17 Genesis of vision? Proposed evolutionary development of eye Nilsson, Dan-Erik: Department of Zoology, Lund University in Sweden.
18 Vision provided a map of the external environment a sense of self survival a sense of group protection and survival reproduction and survival
19 Development of Ears and Hearing
20 Evolution of hearing Much less is known Probably early in evolution, but not as early as eyes Possibly as early as 260 million years ago Lateral line in fish Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones Jaw bones transformed in mammals Transitional mammal Yanoconodon allini lived 125 million years ago
21 Hearing perception Major advance was speech Speech partners with hearing Speech is unique to humans
22 Speech development Many questions remain: 500,000 years ago Throat and ear bones of Stone Age ancestors indicate some speech, but archaic. 100,000 to 40,000 years ago transition to facial and neck traits needed for modern speech in H. sapiens. 40,000 years ago eight hearing-related genes show signs of having systematically evolved (John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin Madison) Some alterations on these genes occurred as recently as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.
23 We emerged from the animal world Dominated by the sense of vision The fundamental concepts supported by Vision: self world group Objectives: Reproduction SURVIVAL
24 Adam and Eve a story about our separation from Nature a story about emergence of speech and the left brain Rubens
25 Story of Adam and Eve Garden of Eden Two named trees Tree of Life Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil Originally we can eat freely from the Tree of life We are harmonious with Nature No clothes No judgements The world just IS
26 Eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil This is the separation from Nature (animals) Now need clothing This is speech and thinking Knowledge Judgment The penalty? But of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt die. Gen. 2:17 Death is now experienced In Nature, little concept of death
27 Development of Human Perception and Mind We emerged from a vision based world (right brain) self group survival Our visual mind played (and plays) the major role in defining our perception of world and relationships Speech-based perception (left brain) is an overlay on the visual perception
28 Emergence from Nature It was gradual, at first we were animals with a new feature Dominance hierarchy. Herding. Following leaders.
29 The Sensory Mind Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Success Group thoughts World Group Survival Sex and reproduction
30 Family
31 Animal grouping
32 Herding
33 Cogito ergo sum What is ego? Rene Descartes ( ) 2 components to Ego Sense of self Vision based The thinking self Hearing/speech based Uniquely human
34 What is group? Sense of group Vision based Cooperation for survival Cooperation for success Carl Jung s collective unconscious Group thoughts Speech/hearing based Governance and cooperation Knowledge base Foundations for towns to civilizations
35 Self vs group in the Sensory Mind Speech (L) Self Vision (R) Ego Consciousness Self Success Desires Needs Civilization Group Group thoughts Sex and reproduction Survival Group
36 Our species NOW
37 Fundamental differences in Current Civilizations Abraham (Universal God) Greeks Buddha Confucius Jesus Muhammad Western Civilization Islamic Civilization Eastern Civilization The historical paths from which the 3 major civilizations on this planet are derived.
38 Western Civilization the left brain emerges in group governance and direction
39 The Greeks (750 BCE 350 BCE) Formally developed the left brain Conscious inquiry into life and nature Rules of reasoning and logic Introduced reason and thought into human guidance
40 Greek philosophers Socrates (470 B.C B.C.) Plato (427 BC -347 BC)
41 Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato) 2 worlds Sensible world (Visible) that surrounds us World of change and uncertainty Illusions and beliefs We can only have opinions in this world Intelligible world (Speech) Unchanging products of human reason Contains eternal forms (Visual cognition?) Ideas Reason and intelligence World of reality We can have knowledge in this world
42 Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato) The 2 worlds each have a lower and upper region Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds us Lower region Illusion Upper region - Belief Intelligible world (Speech) Lower region Reason Upper region - Intelligence
43 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group
44 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Reason Group thoughts Seeing Illusion Group
45 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Reason Intelligence Group thoughts Seeing Illusion Belief Group
46 The Sensory Mind Similar to Plato s analysis
47 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group
48 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts Self Feelings Seeing Beliefs Group
49 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts Self Feelings Creativity Seeing Beliefs Understanding Group
50 Sigmund Freud ( ) Large unconsciousness driven by sexual and other aggressive drives Goal of therapy is to make the unconscious conscious Id, ego, superego
51 The Visual, or unconscious side of our mind
52 Carl Jung ( ) Psyche divided into 3 parts Ego Personal unconscious Collective unconscious He missed group thoughts Speech (L) Ego thoughts Hearing & Speaking Group thoughts Vision (R) Self Seeing Group
53 Myers Briggs test (1962) Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) Katharine Briggs (mother) Paper and pencil test based on Jung typologies I E N S T F P - J
54 Myers Briggs test (1962) Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) Katharine Briggs (mother) Paper and pencil test based on Jung typologies I E N S T F P - J Not from Jung
55 Jung personality typology Attitude scale Introversion ego oriented towards the personal unconsciousness Extroversion ego oriented towards the collective unconsciousness
56 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts Group
57 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts I Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts E Group
58 Jung personality typology Judging scale Thinking Preference for deciding via objective impersonal logic Feeling Preference for deciding via subjective and emotional responses
59 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts I Self Hearing & Speaking Seeing Group thoughts E Group
60 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing Beliefs Group
61 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic T Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing F Beliefs Group
62 Jung personality typology Perceiving scale Sensing Preference for obtaining information through the senses as facts and details INtuition Preference for obtaining information as relationships, patterns, and possibilities
63 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Logic T Speaking Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Seeing F Beliefs Group
64 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking T Deduction Group thoughts I E Self Feelings Creativity Seeing F Beliefs Understanding Group
65 Speech (L) Vision (R) Ego N thoughts Reason Hearing & Intelligence Logic Speaking T Deduction Group thoughts S I S Self N Feelings Creativity Seeing F Beliefs Understanding Group E
66 The Visual, or unconscious side of our mind
67 Our Species.and its Mind Jim Sheedy, OD, PhD Pacific University
The Fundamental Role of. -Behavior. Pacific University
The Fundamental Role of Vision in - Cognition -Behavior - Social Organization Jim Sheedy, OD, PhD Pacific University International ti Congress of Behavioral Optometry International ti Congress of Behavioral
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