Bell Ringer in your notes

Transcription

1 Bell Ringer in your notes List and explain some of the basic forms of learning. you should have gotten this from the reading last night Be prepared to discuss.

2 Pavlov.Pavlov STOP Volunteers 5 Paper cup with sugar Hear Pavlov Dip finger in sugar and eat Hear Pavlov STOP DO NOT DIP FINGER close eyes & concentrate on what you re experiencing. Reflect on Experience.

3 Discuss Fact/Falsehood 8-1

4 Learning Videos Boring one on dog salivating: Philly zimbardo explains: ature=related Roommate airgun ature=related

5 Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

6 Learning and Behaviorism Three major areas of learning Classical Conditioning: Pavlov Instrumental /Operant Conditioning: Skinner Social Learning Theory: Bandura

7 How do we learn? Associative Learning is learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli (classical) or a response and its consequences (operant). Conditioning is the process of learning associations

8 Conditioning Classical Conditioning learn to assoc 2 stimuli and thus to anticipate events Operant Conditioning - learn to assoc a response (our behavior) & its consequences & thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid ones with bad results Observational Learning we learn by watching others experiences & examples.

9 Think About It Can you remember example from childhood of learning through classical conditioning? What about operant conditioning? What about watching someone perform an act and you later repeated that act? Discuss

10 What is Behaviorism? School of psychology- studies scientifically observable behaviors, not unconscious drives. Behaviorists like tabula rasa (blank slate) Free will is an illusion. Includes classical, operant and social learning theory

11 John B. Watson Give me a dozen healthy infants, wellformed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.

12 Classical Conditioning Who was Pavlov? Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc ) Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

13 What is classical conditioning? When your brain and nervous system make an association between 2 stimuli (things). Example: food and a bell

14 Classical Conditioning This is passive learning (automatic learner does NOT have to think). First thing you need is a unconditional relationship. Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response. Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.

15 Classical Conditioning Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response). You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

16 Classical Conditioning After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. Called Acquisition

17 Classical Conditioning We know learning takes place when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response. At this point the neutral stimulus is called the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditional response becomes the conditioned response (CR).

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19 Popular Classical Conditioning Example See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. Jim Classically Trains Dwight

20 HOMEWORK PRACTICE Examples of Classical Conditioning Identify the US, UR, CS, & CR for each scenario

21 What is the Little Albert experiment? John Watson classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat. Then the baby feared all furry things. (this is called generalization)

22 Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

23 Classical Conditioning TRICKY FACT: We know learning exists because the CS is linked to the UCS. This is called ACQUISITION. Acquisition does not last forever. The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.

24 Acquisition Does timing matter? The CS should come before the UCS They should be very close together in timing. (about ½ second)

25 Timing Matters Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there, present UCS. Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present UCS. Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at the same time. Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is presented.

26 Spontaneous Recovery Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented. Apply this to real life. How could it be a problem?

27 Generalization and Discrimination Generalization Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR. Discrimination Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR.

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29 Classical Conditioning and Humans John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to psychology with his Baby Albert experiment. This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning.

30 Higher-Order Conditioning When a new neutral stimulus becomes a new conditioned stimulus First Order Conditioning. Bell + meat = salivation. Bell = Salivation. Second Order Conditioning (After first order conditioning has occurred) Light + Bell = Salivation. Light = Salivation.

31 Garcia and Koelling Study Studied rats and how they make associations. Some associations seem to be adaptive. CS UCS Learned Response Loud Noise Shock Fear Loud Noise Radiation (nausea) Nothing Sweet Water Shock Nothing Sweet Water Radiation (nausea) Avoid Water

32 Are you being conditioned without knowing it? Advertisers use association all the time! Associating attractive models/celebrities with their product makes us feel positive when we see that product. Trauma as classical conditioning Rape leads to fear of all sexual encounters

33 Learned Taste Aversions When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong. Even when food and sickness are hours apart. Food must be salient (noticeable.)

34 Ever Experiences a Taste Aversion? Discuss

35 Applications of Taste Aversion treating alcoholism, using the drug Antabuse causes nausea and violent vomiting when combined with alcohol attempts to create a taste aversion to alcohol Problem: alcoholics tend to stop taking Antabuse so they can drink again but when used properly, Antabuse does reduce total amount of alcohol consumed (Brewer et al., 2000; Chick et al., 1992)

36 Applications of Taste Aversion humane methods of controlling predators, agricultural pests? coyotes & wolves ate sheep carcasses laced with nauseainducing poison; developed aversion to sheep meat (Gustavson et al., 1974, 1976) wolves penned with sheep later seemed to fear it! similar results with baboons in African gardens, raccoons attacking chickens, ravens & crows feeding on raven eggs

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38 Operant Conditioning The Learner is NOT passive. Learning based on consequence!!!

39 The Law of Effect Edward Thorndike Locked cats in a cage Behavior changes because of its consequences. Rewards strengthen behavior. If consequences are unpleasant, the Stimulus- Reward connection will weaken. Called the whole process instrumental learning (aka operant conditioning).

40 Thorndike s Puzzle Box Edward Thorndike ( ): created a puzzle box: cage with latched door that could only be opened by pressing lever inside cats became quicker and quicker to press lever once they figured it out Law of Effect: rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated

41 The Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning. Nurture guy through and through. Used a Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts. B.F. Skinner

42 Skinner Box

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44 Reinforcer Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Two Types of Reinforcement: Positive and Negative

45 Positive Reinforcement Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.

46 Negative Reinforcement Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus. Negative Reinforcement: The removal of something unpleasant. Two types of NR: Escape Learning Avoidance Learning (Getting kicked out of class versus cutting class)

47 Positive or Negative? Putting your seatbelt on. Studying for a test. Having a headache and taking an aspirin. Faking sick to avoid AP Psych class. Breaking out of jail. Getting a kiss for doing the dishes.

48 Negative Reinforcement Examples Taking aspirin to get rid of headache Hurrying home in winter to get out of cold Giving in to an argument or dog s begging/whining Fanning yourself to escape the heat Leaving theater if movie is bad Smoking to relieve anxiety Following prison rules to be released from confinement Putting in seatbelt to make car stop beeping Umbrella to escape rain Saying uncle to stop being beaten

49 Punishment Meant to decrease a behavior. Positive Punishment Addition of something unpleasant. (spanking=positive punishment) Negative Punishment (Omission Training) Removal of something pleasant. Punishment works best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh!

50 Punishment & Classical Conditioning Spanking can lead to association b/w parent & pain. US=spanking CS=Parent s upraised hand that does the spanking UR=fear & crying from pain If parent s upraised hand is paired often enough with the pain of spanking, children can begin to associate the gesture with pain & fear of their own parents. Can lead to children not trusting parents at early age

51 The following are examples of what??? Answer choices are positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement

52 Spanking a child for writing on the walls.

53 Giving candy for correct answers.

54 Nagging and nagging until you do the dishes.

55 Child whines and cries until he gets his candy at the store.

56 Taking away cell phone privileges to reduce low grades.

57 Stop jamming toothpicks up one s fingernails in exchange for information

58 Practice Applying Concepts Complete reinforcement vs punishment wkst

59 How do we actually use Operant Do we wait for the subject to deliver the desired behavior? Sometimes, we use a process called shaping. Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior. Conditioning? To train a dog to get your slippers, you would have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth. Then to bring them to you and so on this is shaping behavior. To get Adam to become a better student, you need to do more than give him a massage when he gets good grades. You have to give him massages when he studies for ten minutes, or for when he completes his homework. Small steps to get to the desired behavior.

60 Sheldon trains Penny Big Bang Theory

61 Chaining Behaviors Subjects are taught a number of responses successively in order to get a reward. Click picture to see a rat chaining behaviors. Click to see a cool example of chaining behaviors.

62 Can all animals be taught anything?

63 Instinctive drift Animals will drift (or revert) back to instinctual behaviors while performing tasks. Example: Pigs will deposit coins in a piggy bank but will push the coins through the mud and flip it around on its way.

64 Behaviorists successfully taught a raccoon to deposit wooden coins into a metal container for food reinforcement. But soon the raccoon started rubbing the coins together and dipping them (not dropping them) into the container. It was performing the motor program raccoons use to "wash" food in a stream. This interfered with the trick to such an extent the Brelands had to give up on it. Instead, they trained the raccoon to "play basketball." The basketball was so large that the raccoon did not attempt to wash it.

65 Primary v. Secondary Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer Things that are in themselves rewarding. Secondary Reinforcer Things we have learned to value. Money is a special secondary reinforcer called a generalized reinforcer (because it can be traded for just about anything)

66 Token Economy Every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given. They can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforcers) Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and schools. (Book-it = free pizza)

67 How is operant conditioning used Discuss at school?

68 Premack Principle Wick s pizza might be a great positive reinforcer for me, but it would not work well on a vegetarian. You have to take into consideration the reinforcers used. Is the reinforcer wanted.or at least is it more preferable than the targeted behavior.

69 Reinforcement Schedules How often to you give the reinforcer? Every time or just sometimes you see the behavior.

70 Continuous v. Partial Reinforcement Continuous Reinforce the behavior EVERYTIME the behavior is exhibited. Usually done when the subject is first learning to make the association. Acquisition comes really fast. But so does extinction. Partial/Intermittent Reinforce the behavior only SOME of the times it is exhibited. Acquisition comes more slowly. But is more resistant to extinction. FOUR types of Partial Reinforcement schedules.

71 Ratio Schedules Fixed Ratio Provides a reinforcement after a SET number of responses. Variable Ratio Provides a reinforcement after a RANDOM number of responses. Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction. Fixed Ratio- She gets a manicure for every 5 pounds she loses.

72 Interval Schedules Fixed Interval Requires a SET amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement. Variable Interval Requires a RANDOM amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement. Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction. EG Pop Quizzes Fixed Interval: She gets a manicure for every 7 days she stays on her diet.

73 Delayed Gratification Delayed gratification is a skill that many parents want their children to have. People who can delay gratification are able to achieve more in life. Consider the following: What types of real world rewards occur on a delayed schedule? Did you learn to wait for rewards? Why or why not? Does the media encourage people to delay gratification? Why or why not?

74 Practice Applying Concepts Complete Schedules of reinforcement wkst

75 Observational Learning Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll We learn through modeling behavior from others. Observational learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory Click pic to see some observational learning. A very powerful ad - may be slightly disturbing for some

76 Latent Learning Edward Toleman Three rat experiment. Latent means hidden. Sometimes learning is not immediately evident. Rats needed a reason to display what they have learned.

77 Cognition & Operant Conditioning How does latent learning and external rewards affect learning? Rats put in maze for 10 days to explore. No reward. Next time in maze, they solved it very fast with food reward at end developed cognitive map. Latent Learning - learning that becomes apparent only when incentive to demonstrate it.

78 Cognition and Motivation How do in/extrinsic affect learning? Intrinsic Motivation - desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake. People with this work and play for enjoyment, interest, self-expression or challenge. Examples? Extrinsic Motivation desire to behave in certain ways to receive external rewards or to avoid threatened punishment. Examples?

79 Insight Learning Wolfgang Kohler and his Chimpanzees. Some animals learn through the ah ha experience. Click pic to see insight learning.

80 Insight Learning: This is an extension of the term, insight which was identified by Wolfgang Kohler while studying the behavior of chimpanzees. He said that insight learning is a type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-asudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error. Sultan, one of Kohler's chimpanzes, learned to use a stick to pull bananas from outside of his cage by putting pieces of stick together. Given two sticks that could be fitted together to make a single pole that was long enough to reach the bananas, aligned the sticks and in a flash of sudden inspiration, fitted the two sticks together and pulled in the bananas. He didn't do this by trial and error, but had a sort of sudden inspiration or insight.

81 Classical Conditioning (to tune of You Are My Sunshine) You are my Pavlov, The dogs of Pavlov You paired the food with the lights and bells Response was very involuntary You taught classic conditioning well

82 OPERANT CONDITIONING His name is Skinner, oh BF Skinner You put the lab rats inside your box With reinforcements, and even punishments Consequences shape the response

83 Don t forget to write your answers on a separate piece of paper to grade when you re done! 1. Once Pavlov s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n) a) unconditioned stimulus b) neutral stimulus c) conditioned stimulus d) unconditioned response

84 2. Shaping is a) a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed b) rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior c) completing a set of behaviors in a succession before a reward is given d) giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots

85 3. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded? a) fixed ratio b) fixed interval c) variable ratio d) variable interval

86 4. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as a) primary reinforcers b) classical conditioning c) secondary reinforcers d) unconditioned reinforcers

87 5. Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of a) preparedness b) instinctive drift c) chaining d) shaping

88 6. Watson and Rayner s classical conditioning of Little Albert was helpful in explaining that a) some conditioned stimuli do not generalize b) human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning c) drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning d) small children are not as easily conditioned as older children

89 7. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend s house. He didn t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms? a) pizza b) stomach virus c) mushrooms d) headache

90 8. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely a) be motivated to seek comfort from you b) experience learned helplessness c) model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it d) seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation

91 9. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you d been working on several hours before. This is an example of: a) insight b) backward conditioning c) latent learning d) discrimination

92 10. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a) Buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum. b) Going inside to escape a thunderstorm. c) Assigning a student detention for fighting. d) Getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a toothache.

93 11. The first step in a behavior modification program is to a) gather baseline data b) specify the antecedent c) specify the target behavior d) design a program

94 12. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in regard to the response to be learned is the a) unconditioned stimulus b) unconditioned response c) conditioned stimulus d) conditioned response

95 13. Typically, most people would a) enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished b) dislike being negatively reinforced or punished c) enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished d) enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced

96 14. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to a) sing a song b) tie shoe laces c) print letters d) fear the dark

97 15. The initial stage of learning a response is called a) extinction b) contiguity c) acquisition d) conditioning

98 Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. C