EMOTIONS difficult to define (characteristics =)

Transcription

1 LECTURE 6: EMOTIONS

2 MOTIVATION desires, needs, and interests that arouse or activate an organism and direct it toward a specific goal EMOTIONS difficult to define (characteristics =) a) b) c)

3 Smiles: Fake-polite: Genuine: -infants 10 months -schizophrenics -ad agencies -brain activity fake and sincere -smugglers Canada Customs

4 EMOTIONS: DISTINCTIONS Classifying Emotions: 1). Valence: positive negative 2). Primary or mixed: primary = happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness, anger, fear (agree? see illustration) mixed e.g., jealousy = love + anger 3. Opposites: e.g., love hate 4). Intensity e.g. fear Task

5 Theories of Emotion -how do we feel different emotions? Intuitive Arousing Event emotional physiological experience response

6 Scientific Theories James-Lange Arousing Event pattern of (depending on physiological pattern) specific response Critique of James-Lange by Canon : Assumptions of James-Lange and problems but emotional exper. 1. each emotion is accompanied by a specific physiological reaction

7 2. interpret experience by reading the pattern but we SO???????

8 Canon-Bard Theory(see overhead) But.. Still doesn t explain data. Schachter s Two Component Theory 1) 2) - -

9 How to test Schachter s Theory 1) arouse (similarly) two groups subjects/ participants 2) give one group cue A 3) give one group cue B then see if behaviors/emotions differ between two groups if so, supports Schachter s theory because although should have same emotion (i.e. same arousal), they feel different (because of cues) [thus both components necessary]

10 Schachter & Singer (1962) Exp t: drugs on vision, all injected -some placebo (no arousal) -some epinephrine (adrenaline) arousal INDEP A) Side Effects 1) 2) 3)

11 next, all subjects fill out questionnaires in presence of accomplice (confederate) B) Type of Accomplice 1) 2) DEPENDENT VARIABLE 1) 2) RESULTS consider only Happy Condition as an example (parallel results in Sad Condition )

12 What do you think happens?? Consider only Happy Condition which group of subjects feels and acts happiest 1 epinephrine informed 2 epinephrine ignorant 3 epinephrine misinformed

13 Results Results (Happy Confederate Condition e.g.) feelings behavior informed ignorant misinformed (higher number = happier/more happy behaviors) same pattern of results for Sad Confederate Condition

14 SUMMARY Arousal -key role in theories of emotion -may have cognitive effects i.e., emotions arousal memory (Scien. Amer. video 8 min)

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16 Misattribution (of arousal) Misattribution of attraction/love: e.g. Walster & Berscheid a frightened man is a potentially romantic man. So is an angry man, a rejected man, or a euphoric man. Hmmm. Do we really know what emotion we are feeling? -how easily can we be manipulated?

17 Dutton & Aron strong emotions may be relabeled sexual attraction in the presence of an acceptable object

18 Study One INDEPENDENT 1). Bridge --- High Low 2). Confederate (Cue)

19 DEPENDENT 1). Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 2). % call back Results TAT Female Male High Low

20 % Call Back Female Male High Low

21 problem: potential extraneous variable that clouds interpretation??????? -

22 SOLUTION???? Study Two High bridge only, male subjects, give TAT immediately after cross bridge or 15 minutes later a) b) RESULTS Male conf. Female conf. 15 min immediate

23 THERAPY IMPLICATIONS Storms & Nisbett - Dreams study Indep. Variable ( Side effects) Insomnia - pill ( relax you) - pill (arouse you) Results:

24 Storms & McCaul dysfunctional behaviors are result of an exacerbation process Exacerbation Model 1) 2) 3) Example: stuttering

25 Intervention: redirect labeling (self attributions) for source of problem from internal (me) to external (situation)

26 Experimental Test: - create a problem where there was no problem before Method: -tape record speech (everyone makes mistakes) monitor mistakes INDEP: attribution for mistakes external internal -tape record second speech

27 DEP: # errors in 2nd speech Results:

28 FACE & EMOTION (face and emotion dvd 5 min Discovery: researcher Desmond Morris) Common sense: emotions face -perhaps, also, face emotions Facial Expressions -nonverbal expression of feelings -cross-cultural variation Ekman & Izard similarity in matching face to emotions (examples: see illustration)

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30 Ekman FACS facial action coding system e.g., sadness: raised eyebrows, forehead wrinkles that slope downward and out from the center anger: lowered eyebrows, hard stare, lips pressed tightly together

31 FACE & EMOTION -connection between face and emotion: emotion shows up on face another connection: perhaps, emotional expression on face can cause emotion WHY?

32 Ekman --- facial feedback hypothesis Experience: If ANS activity, then you have a facial expression thus, is an association between specific emotions and specific facial expressions then, if pose an expression then you get ANS/emotion (association in reverse) since facial muscles associated with emotions typically, if pose, then ANS reacts accordingly

33 Alternative Theory: Zajonc Contraction of facial muscles changes temperature of blood going to brain, changing temperature affects activity of brain structures controlling emotions Study: Say e (smile) Say ah (surprise) Say u (bad mood) (see illustration) MOOD

34 (dvd culture and emotion 5 min - research in action: researcher Jeanne Tsai)

35 LYING Signs? (see illustration) Polygraph -measures physiological responses (blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) -assume -often by corporations honesty & theft -now ---- job selection -control questions- truth & lies

36 STUDY:Kleinmuntz & Szucko (1984) Study polygraph of 50 who later confessed 50 who later are proved innocent Results: more than 1/3 of those court said were innocent later confessed more than ¼ of those the court said were guilty later proved innocent (see graph)

37 How to beat lie detector -. Control Critical sea waves of gentle rowing

38 Marion Jones: 5 olympic medals

39 The Web CNN.com Jones 'passed lie detector test' Friday, June 18, 2004 Posted: 1454 GMT (2254 HKT) SAN FRANCISCO, California -- Marion Jones has attempted to distance herself further from doping allegations by releasing the results of a privatelyadministered lie detector test in which she denied using banned substances. The triple Olympic champion is being investigated by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) over her links with the BALCO laboratory in Los Angeles where the designer steroid THG is alleged to have been developed. "They have more than ample reason to close this matter and exonerate Marion Jones," the athlete's attorney Joe Burton said in a

40 Track star Marion Jones pleading guilty over doping International Herald Tribune, Reuters, The Associated Press Published: October 5, 2007 WHITE PLAINS, New York: The former track star Marion Jones, one of the most accomplished female athletes in the world, told a judge Friday that she would plead guilty to two felonies in connection with a steroid investigation, which could cost her the five medals she won in the 2000 Sydney Olympics