Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 12: Emotions, Stress, & Health pp

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1 Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 12: Emotions, Stress, & Health pp A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What are the components of emotion? READ Emotions, Stress & Heath and Theories of Emotion (pp ) 1 1. Emotions are a mix of three things, which are: 2. Explain why the James-Lange theory would explain that We feel sorry because we cry. 3. Describe Cannon s criticisms of the James-Lange theory. 4. Describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. 5. What does the two-factor (Schachter-Singer) theory add to their theory of emotion that neither James-Lange or Cannon-Bard include? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p. 500: What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system? READ Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System (p. 500) 1. The sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the nervous system.

2 2 2. The nervous system is responsible for arousal (e.g. increased respiration, heart rate & blood pressure). 3. Epinephrine is also called and norepinephrine is also called. 4. The nervous system is responsible for calming the body after a threat has passed. 5. When you re taking an exam it is best to be aroused. 6. Refer to Figure 12.3 on p If a task is difficult, arousal leads to best performance. If a task is easy, arousal leads to best performance. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain pattern responses?? READ Emotions, Stress & Heath and Theories of Emotion (pp ) 1. Different emotions (do/do not) have sharply different biological signatures. 2. Explain how Hohmann s research on individuals with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them? READ Cognition and Emotion (p ) 1. Describe Schachter & Singer s research on the spillover effect. What did they find? 2. What has Robert Zajonc proposed about the relationship between cognition and emotion? Cite 2 pieces of evidence that support Zajonc s postion. 3. The researcher who disagrees with Zajonc and argues that most emotions require cognitive processing is. According to this view, emotions arise when we an event as beneficial or harmful to our well-being. 4. Complex emotions are affected by our,, and.

3 3 5. (Read Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection): Explain how lie detectors /polygraphs supposedly indicate whether a person is lying. 6. Explain the position of those who are critical of lie detector tests. 7. What is the guilty knowledge test? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : How do we communicate nonverbally? READ Expressed Emotion (p ) 1. Most people are especially good at interpreting nonverbal. We read fear and mostly from the, and happiness from the. Although we are good at detecting emotions, we find it difficult to detect expressions. 2. Who is better at detecting nonverbal signs of emotions and spotting when someone is lying? 3. Who is more likely to describe themselves as empathic? Are they? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : Are nonverbal expressions of emotion universally understood? READ Culture and Emotional Expression (p ) 1. What are display rules. Give an example. 2. Explain how the display of emotional expression differs in collectivist and individualistic countries. 3. If asked a question that requires some thinking, are you more likely to look up or down? Explain.

4 4 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : Do our facial expressions influence our feelings? READ The Effects of Facial Expressions and Experienced Emotion (p ) 1. Describe the facial feedback effect. Give an example. 2. If we move our body as we would when experiencing a particular emotion, it leads us to feel that emotion. This is called the. 3. Carroll Izard believes that there are 10 basic emotions which are mostly present in infancy. List them: A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What is the function of fear, and how do we learn fears? READ Fear (p ) 1. What is the function of fear? 2. Which psychological perspective would agree with the following statement? We may be biologically prepared to learn some fears more quickly than others. We humans quickly learn to fear snakes, spiders, and cliffs fears that probably helped our ancestors survive. 3. What structure in the limbic system is closely tied to the learning of fears? 4. If this structure in the limbic system is damaged, the person can experience an emotional reaction, but will not be able to remember why. What structure is this? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What are the causes and consequences of anger? READ Anger (p ) 1. Most people will become angry when another person s act seems,, and. 2. Describe the catharsis hypothesis.

5 5 3. Identify 2 potential problems with expressing anger. 4. Describe Carol Tavris 2 suggestions of how to best handle anger. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What are the causes and consequences of happiness? READ Happiness (p ) 1. Describe the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. 2. What is subjective well-being? 3. If someone has experienced tragedy or dramatically positive events, how does tend to affect their levels of happiness? 4. Research has demonstrated that people generally experience a higher quality of life and greater well-being when they strive for,, and than when they strive for. 5. Explain how the adaptation level phenomenon accounts for the fact that for some people, material desires can never be satisfied. 6. (Read Close-Up p. 525) State 3 research-based suggestions for increasing for satisfaction with life. 7. What principle best explains why middle-and upper-income people who compare themselves with the relatively poor feel slightly more satisfied with life. Explain why.

6 6 8. List 6 factors that have been shown to be positively correlated with feelings of happiness. 9. List 5 factors that are evidently unrelated to happiness. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp : What is stress? READ Stress & Health and Stress and Illness (pp ) 1. What is the relationship between behavioral medicine and health psychology? 2. Define: stress 3. Describe Walter Cannon s fight or flight response. 4. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are involved in response to stress. 5. What is the stress response that is primarily associated with women called? Describe the characteristics of this response. The release of which hormone is associated with this response? 6. Describe each phase of Hans Seyle s general adaptation syndrome (GAS). a. Phase 1: Alarm b. Phase 2: Resistance c. Phase 3: Exhaustion

7 7 7. In which phase are you most vulnerable to illness? 8. What are telomeres? Describe the impact of stress on these structures. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What events provoke stress responses? READ Stressful Life Events (p ) 1. For most people, what is the most significant source of stress? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease? READ Stress & the Heart (p ) 1. The leading cause of death in North America is. List 5 risk factors for developing this condition: 2. Friedman and Rosenman grouped people into Type A and Type B personalities. Characterize these types, and indicate the difference that emerged between them over the course of this 9-year-study. 3. What Type A characteristic is most strongly linked with coronary heart diease? 4. Who is more likely to develop heart disease? Optimists or Pessimists? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease? READ Stress & Susceptibility to Disease (p ) 1. What is a psychophysiological illness? Give 2 examples of this type of illness. 2. What body system is responsible for fighting off disease? There are two types of blood cells in this system. What are they called? Which type fights bacterial infections? Which types of cells (formed in the thymus) fight viruses, cancer cells, and foreign substances?

8 3. Stress (does/does not) make us sick, but is (does/does not) alter our immune functioning, making us (more/less) able to resist infections and (more/less) prone to heart disease. 4. The 4 th leading cause of death in the world is. Explain what causes this disease. How is this disease primarily spread? 8 5. Describe what happened when rodents were inoculated with tumor cells and exposed to uncontrollable stress. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What factors affect our ability to cope with stress? READ Coping with Stress (p ) 1. Explain how problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies differ. When are people more likely to use each strategy? 2. Explain how our perception of control impacts our experience of stress and our subsequent health. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p : What tactics can we use to manage stress and reduce stress-related ailments? READ Managing Stress (p ) 1. List 3 benefits of sustained aerobic exercise on our physical and psychological health. 2. How does biofeedback work? Explain the benefits it can provide. 3. (Read Thinking Critically, p. 546) List 2 criticisms of the claims of alternative medicines. 4. State 2 possible intervening variables that might account for the faith factor in health.

9 9 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What are the components of an emotion? #2: What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system? #3: Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses? #4: To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them? #5: How do we communicate nonverbally? #6: Are nonverbal expressions of emotion universally understood? #7: Do our facial expressions influence our feelings? #8: What is the function of fear, and how do we learn fear? #9: What are the causes & consequences of anger? #10: What are the causes and consequences of happiness? #11: What is stress? #12: What events provoke stress responses? #13: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease? #14: How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease? #15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress? #16: What tactics can we sue to manage stress and reduce stress-related ailments? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Components of emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Schachter-Singer (two-factor) theory Opponent-process theory (check your class notes) Autonomic nervous system/ sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system Epinephrine/adrenaline; nonrepinephrine/noradrenaline Robert Zajonc Richard Lazarus Paul Ekman Display rules Facial feedback effect Carroll Izard Fear; conditioning & the limbic system Anger; catharsis, behavior feedback Happiness; feel-good, do-good phenomenon, subjective well-being, adaption-level phenomenon, relative deprivation Behavioral medicine; Health psychology Stress Hans Seyle s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Type A, Type B Psychophysiological illnesses; Body defenses (immune system) Coping mechanisms (problem & emotion-focused) Perceived control & health Tactics to manage stress