How To Make A Seed EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS NORA COOPER JAZMIN SAMANO DOMINIC SAADI
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1 How To Make A Seed EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS NORA COOPER JAZMIN SAMANO DOMINIC SAADI
2 Why Study Seeds? o Within the next fi*y years we will need to produce more food than in all of human history and we must do it with fewer inputs on less arable land o If we understand which genes do what in seed development, we can manipulate them to engineer more efficient crops o Most importantly, fi*een crops compose our food source and of these fi*een over half are seed bearing.
3 How imperaive are these studies? o Currently the world populaaon is a lible under 7.2 billion. o By 2050, the populaaon is esamated to be at 10 billion people. o An increasing populaaon combined with a daily loss of arable land accounts to an esamated 0.46 acres per person in Arable land per capita (ha in use per person) ( ) Jelle Bruinsma (2009) 1 Hectare= acres hbp:// agriculture/land- use- in- agriculture/
4 Why Study Arabidopsis Thaliana? o The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for idenafying genes and determining their funcaons. - Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana o Short generaaon Ame of about 8 weeks from seed to seed o Small size (20-25cm) o Large number of offspring o RelaAvely small nuclear genome (~25,000 genes; 135 Mbp)
5 The Life Cycle of Flowering Plants o Before anything else, we need to understand how healthy seeds develop so that we can assess which step of the process is interrupted o Anatomy of Flowers o Gametogenesis o Double FerAlizaAon o Embryogenesis o Anatomy of a Seed
6 Anatomy of a Flower o A Flower is the reproducave structure of a flowering plant and it is o*en known as a bloom or a blossom. o A Flower consists of four whorls: the calyx, the corolla, the androecium, and the gynoecium.
7 Flower Anatomy Breakdown: Part 1 THE CALYX o The outermost whorl which consists of the green sepals. o Typically funcaons as protecaon for the flower in the bud and protecaon for the petals in the bloom. THE COROLLA o The next whorl in a flower which consists of units called petals. Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproducave parts of the flower. o They are o*en brightly colored or unusually shaped to abract pollinators.
8 Flower Anatomy Breakdown: Part 2 THE ANDROECIUM o The following whorl consisang of the stamen also known as the male part of the flower. o The stamen consists of two parts: a stalk called the filament, and an anther top where pollen is produced. THE GYNOECIUM o The inner most whorl of a flower which is also known as the female reproducave part of the flower. The gynoecium consists of: o one or more units called carpels which form a hollow structure called an ovary. o And the sagma, the sacky Ap of the carpel which receives pollen.
9 Pollen Development: Microgametophyte o Microsporogenesis is the first of two disanct processes o Ends in the formaaon of microspores (single- celled pollen grains)
10 Pollen Development: Microgametogenesis o Microgametogenesis is the second process o Ends with the development of a three- celled microgametophyte (pollen grains)
11 Egg Development: Megagametophyte
12 PollinaIon: Pollen To SIgma o First, the pollen grain (microgametophyte) has to land on the sagma o wind and water, but mostly insects and birds
13 PollinaIon: Double FerIlizaIon
14 Embryogenesis: The Egg Cell
15 Embryogenesis: 8- Celled Embryo Plasmodesmata connects EP to suspensor
16 Embryogenesis: Globular Stage
17 Embryogenesis: TransiIon to Heart Stage Hypophysis and lower embryonic cells give rise to the root meristem
18 Embryogenesis: Torpedo Stage Cross secaon displaying radial pabern Epidermis Hypocotyl Vascular Ground Tissue
19 Embryogenesis: Mature Stage
20 Seed Two integuments make up seed coat, giving it structure and, in Arabidopsis, brown pigment
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