Menotti Calvani, MD. Medicine faculty Università Tor Vergata Roma

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1 Menotti Calvani, MD Medicine faculty Università Tor Vergata Roma Roma Centro Giulio Onesti

2 Brain Building

3 Franz Joseph Gall ( )

4 Major Areas of the Brain Self-regulation, problem solving, goal setting, social cognition Vision and perception Sensory motor perception, spatial abilities Hearing, language, memory, social - emotional function

6 Brain Growth AGE BRAIN WEIGHT (GRAMS) 20 WEEKS GESTATION 100 BIRTH MONTHS YEARS OLD 1100 ADULT

10 Frontal Lobes for Behavioral Control, Birth - 21 Age

11 4 age years Age: 4 years

12 Age: 5 years 5 age years Age: 4 years

preadolescent children Bilateral hippocampal volume as a

14 A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Bilateral hippocampal volume as a function of aerobic fitness group Brain Res October 28; 1358:

15 Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition Neuscience 2009

17 NMRf ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance functional )

19 Magneto EEG

20 Mirror Neurons I know what you are doing

21 PLoS Biology March 2005 Volume 3, Issue 3 e79

22 ballet capoeira

23 Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: An fmri Study with Expert Dancers Cerebral Cortex August 2005;15:

24 Who needs a referee? How incorrect basketball actions are automatically detected by basketball players brain

27 The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volley ballserves

31 The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volley ballserves

32 The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyballserves

34 2013 January 31

35 102 professional( premier league,; French rugby league, National NHL hokey league) 173 elite amatour athletes 173 students 2013 January 31

36 Mirror Neuron neonate

38 Rhytmhs

43 Circadian clocks: regulators of endocrine and metabolic rhythms Journal of Endocrinology (2007) 195,

44 Circadian variation in sports performance Rectal temperature Sports Med Apr;21(4):

45 THE EFFECT OF TRAINING AT A SPECIFIC TIME OF DAY: A REVIEW Temperature P mean (W. Kg -1 ) P peack (W. Kg -1 ) P max (W. Kg -1 ) Circadian rhythm in core temperature, peak (Ppeak) and mean (Pmean) powers during the Wingate test, and maximal power (Pmax) during the force velocity test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2012

46 Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: Implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2011) 10,

47 Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: Implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2011) 10,

50 Sleep

52 Sleep variability in adolescence is associated with altered brain development Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2015) 16 22

53 NIH Curriculum Supplement Series 2003

Performance Sleep-dependent motor skill learning in the

54 It s Practice, with Sleep, that Makes Perfect: Implications of Sleep- Dependent Learning and Plasticity for Skill Performance Sleep-dependent motor skill learning in the human brain Motor sequence learning Clin Sports Med 24 (2005)

55 It s Practice, with Sleep, that Makes Perfect: Implications of Sleep- Dependent Learning and Plasticity for Skill Performance Daytime naps and motor skill learning Clin Sports Med 24 (2005)

57 Sleep It Out 18 OCTOBER 2013 VOL 342 SCIENCE

59 (in preparatio (h) Nocturnal sleep time in each sport (n=1,111) 7.4hours Most sports slept under 7 hours

61 (pt.) long Napping habit in each sport Same order as Nocturnal sleep time short Most athletes tended to nap frequently

63 Lack of Sleep Can Lower Testosterone

64 Delayed Sleep. J C I,1968; 47(9):

67 Lack of sleep directly impacts learning and fine motor skills. Not sleeping makes it more difficult to pay attention, concentrate and process information. Slower reaction times mean it s harder to get out of the way of a defender. The cardiovascular function reduces with lack of sleep. Soft tissues like muscles do not have a chance to heal properly without adequate sleep. Lack of sleep increases the amount of hormones in the body, which extends recovery time.

68 Vitamin (?) D

73 Factors that Influence the Cutaneous Synthesis and DietarySources of Vitamin D Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007, 460(2):

74 Pigmentation and Vitamin D Metabolism in Caucasians: Low Vitamin D Serum Levels in Fair Skin Types in the UK PLoS One Aug 3;4(8):e6477.

75 gwyneth-paltrow

76 testosteron progesteron cholesterol estradiol cortisol vitamine D3

Representative examples of control (A) and vitamin D3

79 Vitamin D3 and brain development Ventricular enlargement in the brains of vitamin D3 deplete neonates Representative examples of control (A) and vitamin D3 deplete (B) brain sections,bar = 1mm. Neuroscience. 2003;118(3):641-53

80 High Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D Status in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol. 2011;68(3):

81 Maternal Antenatal Vitamin D Status and Offspring Muscle Development: Findings From the Southampton Women s Survey J Clin Endocrinol Metab, January 2014, 99(1):

82 Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2009 Athletic Performance and Vitamin D Bob Beamon m 8.90 (+ 55 cm)

88 Hypovitaminosis D Myopathy Without Biochemical Signs of Osteomalacic Bone Involvement Calcified Tissue International 2000, 66:

89 Parade GW, Otto H. [Effect of sunlamp on performance.] Zeitschrift fur Klinische Medizin. 1940;137: Berlin 1936

91 Increase of physical effectiveness by Systematic ultraviolet irradiation. Strahlentherapie. 1952;88:

92 Effect of ultraviolet rays on reaction time in man Strahlentherapie. 1956;101(4):623-9

93 Sports Health Benefits of Vitamin D Sports Health Nov;4(6):

Vitamin D status in a professional American football team Annual spring blood tests on New York Giants showed that 81% had vitamin D deficiency The National

94 Vitamin D status in a professional American football team Annual spring blood tests on New York Giants showed that 81% had vitamin D deficiency The National Football League vitamin D blood average levels was 30.3 ng/ml in white players and 20.4 ng/ml in the African Americans AOSSM Annual Meeting; San Diego,CA; 2011

High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers 98 athletes and dancers (age, 10-30 years; 53% men) Vitamin D average blood

95 High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers 98 athletes and dancers (age, years; 53% men) Vitamin D average blood level =25.3 +/- 8.3 ng/ml Athletes Vitamin D blood level< 30ng/mL Dance ( 94% ) Basket ( 94%) Tae Kwon Do ( 67% ) Clin J Sport Med Sep;20(5):368-71

96 Vitamin D and the Athlete: Risks, Recommations, and Benefits Nutrients ,

97 Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function Journal of Sports Sciences, 2012; 1 10

Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for

98 Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function Journal of Sports Sciences, 2012; 1 10 Bench Press Back Squat 10-M Spint Vertical Jump Height Illinois Agility Test 30-M Sprint

$medicine practice are for stress fractures.$

99 Diagnosis and management of bone stress injuries of the lower limb in athletes The annual incidence of overuse injuries in track and field athletes is estimated to be 3.9 per 1000 training hours, with a prevalence of 76%, and 10-20% of consultations in sports medicine practice are for stress fractures. Stress fractures are also common among army recruits. BMJ 2012;344:e2511

$Vitamin D Supplementation in Athletes Low levels of Vitamin D associated risk: Bone stress fractures muscle weakness and discomfort Upper respiratory infections Increased levels of inflammation$

100 Vitamin D Supplementation in Athletes Low levels of Vitamin D associated risk: Bone stress fractures muscle weakness and discomfort Upper respiratory infections Increased levels of inflammation markers Jenny and Susanna Kallur Impairment strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament surgery Larson-Meyer DE: Vitamin D and athletes.curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9: Ruohola JP, et al: Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21: Barker T et al: Low vitamin D impairs strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2011;16: Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2013;75:109-21

101 Vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in runners Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2012:

102 The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency Schematic prepared after results from autoradiograms J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991;39:283 9 Medical Hypotheses 2012

103 Vitamin D, Race, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8(6):

104 Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Vitamin D Inadequacy among Patients with Chronic Pain PAIN MEDICINE Volume 9 Number

In estate, 5-10 minuti di esposizione solare tra le 10 e le 15 inducono la sintesi di 10000 UI di

105 In estate, 5-10 minuti di esposizione solare tra le 10 e le 15 inducono la sintesi di UI di vitamina D3 In summer, 5-10 minutes of exposure to the sun between 10 am - 3 pm induce UI of Vitamin D

Sleep for Athletes. How Much Sleep Are Athletes Getting? How Much Is Needed?

Sleep for Athletes. How Much Sleep Are Athletes Getting? How Much Is Needed? Sleep for Athletes Lindsay Thornton How Much Sleep Are Athletes Getting? How Much Is Needed? 2 Broadly, adults need 5-10 hours of sleep per night Genes play a role short sleepers (consistently sleep under