THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL TIPPING PAPER PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENT PERFORATION METHODS
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1 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL TIPPING PAPER PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENT PERFORATION METHODS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CIGARETTE SMOKE PROPERTIES Michael LINDNER, TANNPAPIER GmbH, AUSTRIA Renata RAUNIĆ VADANJEL, TDR d.o.o.
2 INTRODUCTION: PAST INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS FILTER VENTILATION METHODS Types of Tipping perforation: Online-laser perforation on finished cigarettes inside the cigarette maker Pre-perforated Tipping Paper (offline perforation): - Laser perforation - Electrostatic perforation Effect of diluted cigarette smoke on the human sense of taste: Online perforated cigarettes: More pronounced in sour, bitter and tingling effect Cigarettes with pre-perforated Tipping Paper: Slightly more pronounced in sweetness 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 2
3 INTRODUCTION: PAST INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS FILTER VENTILATION METHODS Correlation between different perforation methods and the control of basic smoke yields: Offline perforated cigarettes are more efficient in smoke yields reduction than online perforated cigarettes Quasi-diffusion reduces CO: Advantage of pre-perforated Tipping Paper only with small or moderate filter ventilation At high filter ventilation turbulent air flow eliminates quasi-diffusion 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 3
4 INTRODUCTION: TARGETS OF THE PRESENT STUDY Contribution of physical Tipping Paper parameters to the 1. dilutive and quasi-diffusive regulation of the three basic smoke yields NFDPM ( tar ), nicotine and CO 2. physiological perception of the cigarette taste Realization with a 1. numerically derived quasidiffusion model 2. survey with a professional smoker panel 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 4
5 QUASI-DIFFUSION: DIFFUSIVE-LIKE INFLUENCE FROM FILTER VENTILATION Diffusion = mass transport driven by concentration difference CO reduction is governed by oxygen diffusion through inherently porous cigarette paper Quasi-diffusion is a side effect of Tipping perforation, co-determining the control of CO Perforation and Tipping Paper parameters basis for a quantitative quasi-diffusion simulation model 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 5
6 QUASI-DIFFUSION SIMULATION MODEL Perforation zone: Laminar volumetric air flow f through capillary tubes of the measurement area A: 4 r pan r tube radius = mean hole size f 8 h d d tube length = paper thickness Δp pressure difference h dynamic viscosity of air n perforation hole density Flow of a fluid through porous medium (permeability of artificial perforation): P air permeability (CU) f PA p n empirically estimated permeability exponent for each perforation type 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 6 n
7 QUASI-DIFFUSION SIMULATION MODEL One-dimensional gas diffusion (diffusive flux J): D diffusivity / diffusion constant Δc/d concentration gradient across the paper With D P J r 2 d 3 n p n 1 ca 8h J D c d A Finally, with some assumptions / simplifications, the quasidiffusive flux comprises information about Tipping perforation and only the thickness of the Tipping Paper as paper parameter: 2 n J quasi r 3 n 1 d p 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 7
8 SENSORY PROPERTIES OF CIGARETTE SMOKE Cigarette smoke deals with taste, smell and feel / touch in addition to the physiological effect of nicotine 4 primary tastes detected on the tongue and pharynx (besides umami): Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Smoke components like ammonia stimulate specific nerves in the skin of the tongue and top of the mouth tingling sensation Taste of cigarette smoke is always rather subjective 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 8
9 SAMPLE SELECTION: CIGARETTE SAMPLES FROM TDR D.O.O. (ROVINJ / CROATIA) Sample Number Perforation Type Number of Tracks Number of Holes Hole Radius [mm] Permeability [CU] Open Pressure Drop [mm H 2 O] Filter Ventilation [%] Sample production: American Blend Tobacco, 120 CU banded (LIP) cigarette paper, CU plug wrap paper Paper Thickness [µm] 1 Offline-Laser , ,40 39, Online-Laser , ,30 39, Offline-Laser , ,70 52, Online-Laser , ,00 52, Offline-Laser , ,30 47, Online-Laser , ,30 47, Offline-Laser , ,00 67, Online-Laser , ,00 66, Offline-Laser , ,70 42, Online-Laser , ,70 42, Offline-Laser , ,00 51, Online-Laser , ,70 49, /09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 9
10 CLASSIFICATION OF CIGARETTE SAMPLES ACCORDING TO THE FILTER VENTILATION V g (degree of filter ventilation) of cigarettes with the same Tipping Paper quality is pairwise equal V g numbers of the concerned pairs of samples (1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5 & 6, etc.) are written in the table in equal colors 3 types of Tipping Paper are dedicated to the samples 1 4, 5 8 and 9 2 samples are marked in the table with equal color fillings 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 10
11 CRITERIA FOR THE SURVEY AMONG THE TDR D.O.O. SMOKER PANEL 7 candidates, 2 sticks per cigarette quality each Request for the candidates: Evaluation of the individual taste sensations sweet, sour, salty and bitter of the cigarette smoke with numbers from 0 to 10 whereby - 0 Absolutely no sensation of the specific taste - 10 Extremely high sensation of the specific taste Additionally, the tingling impression is evaluated 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 11
12 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
13 RESULTS: TAR vs. FILTER VENTILATION Higher tar reduction for offline- than for onlinelaser perforated cigarettes From earlier studies intersection between the curves around 20% filter ventilation (nonlinear behavior of the curves below 30% filter ventilation) 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 13
14 RESULTS: NICOTINE vs. FILTER VENTILATION Above a filter ventilation of approx % lower nicotine quantities for offline- than for online-laser perforated cigarettes Like with tar, the reduction of nicotine is primarily controlled by dilution through filter ventilation 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 14
15 RESULTS: CO vs. FILTER VENTILATION Lower CO values for offline- than for onlinelaser perforated cigarettes over the total range of filter ventilation CO reduction is codetermined by quasidiffusive effects due to the microscopic structure of the perforation zone 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 15
16 CO / TAR RATIO = ESSENTIAL PARAMETER TO DESCRIBE SMOKE QUALITY RESULTS: CO / TAR vs. QUASI-DIFFUSIVE FLUX FOR THE 3 TYPES OF TIPPING PAPER Linear relationship between CO / tar ratios and quasi-diffusion CO reduction efficiency rises with increasing quasi-diffusion effect At the same quasidiffusion level CO / tar reduction efficiency grows with increasing paper thickness 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 16
17 SMOKER PANEL SURVEY RESULTS: IMPACT OF THE 3 TIPPING PAPER TYPES ON THE TASTE OF CIGARETTE SMOKE Illustration of the results for the cigarette samples 1, 5 & 9 Conclusions and interpretations are related to the complete data set Sensation Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Tingling Increasing paper thickness Noticeable decrease Clear increase No correlation Slight increase Slight increase 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 17
18 RESULTS: TASTE SENSATIONS vs. QUASI-DIFFUSIVE FLUX FOR ONE SPECIFIC TIPPING PAPER QUALITY Illustration of the 3 most pronounced sensations Sweet decreases with increasing quasidiffusion capacity, sour & bitter show contrary behavior Observation is fully consistent with the previous results 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 18
19 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Explicit correlation between the quasi-diffusion effect related to different filter ventilation methods control of the fundamental smoke yields applied Tipping Paper thickness subjective taste of cigarette smoke Confirmation by a quasi-diffusion simulation model smoke analysis a smoker panel survey 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 19
20 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Offline perforated cigarettes are more efficient in smoke yields reduction than online perforated cigarettes CO reduction efficiency grows with increasing quasi-diffusion effect Efficiency of quasi-diffusion rises with increasing Tipping Paper thickness due to higher air flow stability CO reduction capability grows with increasing Tipping Paper thickness Cigarettes made with thicker Tipping Paper are less pronounced in sweetness more pronounced in sour, bitter & tingling sensations Findings are useful to fulfill specific regulatory & sensory targets and for supporting banded cigarette paper 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 20
21 THANK YOU FOR YOUR VALUABLE QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK! 30/09/2013 TANNPAPIER: ST33 - Paper Parameters and Perforation 21
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