Oilseed use in Aquaculture Current trends and opportunities

Transcription

1 Oilseed use in Aquaculture Current trends and opportunities Artur Rombenso Ph.D. 25 October 2018 AGRICULTURE & FOOD AQUACULTURE PROGRAM

2 Overview Bribie Island Research Centre - CSIRO Aquaculture and aquafeed production overview Basic concepts on aquaculture nutrition Use of plant-based ingredients in aquafeeds Trends Opportunities

3 Bribie Island Simon Irvin 3

4 Template Information Bribie Island Simon Irvin 4

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10 Million metric tons Million metric tons Greater production of plant-based ingredients than marine origin ingredients Major vegetable oil production Major protein meals / / / / /19 Canola Soybean Sunflowerseed Palm Fish oil / / / / /19 Canola Soybean Sunflowerseed Fish meal USDA (2018)

11 Production in millions tons Aquaculture s contribution towards the global seafood production Farmed seafood consumptio n exceeded wild-caught in Fisheries Aquaculture Total FAO, 2018

12 Aquafeed manufacturing is rising Aquafeed production MT Fish oil uses Fish meal uses Aquaculture 7% 2% Pork 23% Chicken 68% Aquaculture Direct human consumption Other 22% 4% 74% Other Tacon and Metian, 2015

13 Typical aquafeed formulations Aquafeeds 4% Aquatic protein meals & oils 24% 24% Terrestrial animal proteins & oils Terrestrial plant proteins & oils Other plant meals & fillers 24% 24% Feed additives Herbivorous & omnivorous fish 4% 4% 14% 49% 29% Marine & carnivorous fish 5% 15% 30% 30% 20% 32% Shrimp 5% 21% 10% 32% Tacon and Metian, 2015

14 Use of terrestrial plants proteins and oils in aquafeeds 4% 24% 24% 24% 24% Aquafeeds Aquatic protein meals & oils Terrestrial animal proteins & oils Terrestrial plant proteins & oils Other plant meals & fillers Feed additives Terrestrial plant proteins & oils MT Tacon and Metian, 2015

15 Fish exhibit high protein demand, but require amino acids Species Crude protein (%) Asian seabass 45 Atlantic halibut 51 Atlantic salmon 55 Tilapia Pacific salmon Carp Eel Sea bass Sea bream Species Crude Protein (%) Freshwater bass Trout Flatfish Catfish Beef 7-18 Catle Sheep 9-15 Pork Chicken Halver and Hardy, 2002; Trushenski 2012

16 Amino acid requirements Essential amino acids Trout s requirements Fish meal amino acid profile Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Halver and Hardy, 2002; Omega Protein, Inc. 2006; Trushenki 2012

17 Fish exhibit high lipid demand, but require fatty acids Species Lipid (%) Species Lipid (%) Trout Other salmonids Tilapia <10 Sea bream Carp <18 Sea bass Kingfish 11 Croaker 7-11 Grouper Milk fish 7-10 Catfish 5-6 Turbot <15 Sole 5 Beef 1-2 Cattle Sheep Pork 2-6 Chicken 3 Halver and Hardy, 2002; Guillaume et al., 2001; Trushenski 2012

18 Fatty acid requirements Species Juvenile/adult requirements Trout 18:3n-3 ( %) n-3 LC-PUFA* ( %) Carp 18:2n-6 (1.0%) 18:3n-3 ( %) Fish oil fatty acid profile 18:2n-6 (1.7%) 18:3n-3 (2.0%) Tilapia 18:2n-6 ( %) 20:5n-3 (13%) Pacific salmon 18:2n-6 (1.0%) 18:3n-3 (1.0%) 22:6n-3 (15%) Gilthead seabream n-3 LC-PUFA ( %) Red seabream 22:6n-3 (0.5%) 20:5n-3 (1.0%) LC-PUFA (30%) Striped jack 22:6n-3 (1.7%) *LC-PUFA = long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Halver and Hardy, 2002; Omega Protein, Inc. 2006; Trushenki 2012

19 Value of fish meal in aquafeeds Responsible for growth and health Nutrient dense-feedstuff Highly digestible and palatable Excellent amino acid composition Lack of antinutritional factors Residual lipid fraction with good composition

20 Complementary oilseed protein meals Responsible for growth and health Protein Lysine Methionine $/MT (Oct 2018) Fish meal 65-72% Soy protein concentrate 64% Soybean meal 44% Canola meal 38% Cottonseed meal 42% Sunflower meal 32% Lupin 39% Wheat 13% (FAO commodity price index)

21 Value of fish oil in aquafeeds Responsible for nutritional quality: omega-3 fatty acids Nutrient dense-feedstuff High in digestible energy Rich in LC-PUFAs including: ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6) EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3) Cholesterol Phospholipids

22 Complementary lipids Vegetable oils: soybean, rapeseed, palm, corn, sunflower Terrestrial animal fats: poultry fat, lard, tallow Lipid LC-PUFA Dominant FA $/MT (Oct 2018) Fish Oil ~30% SFA, LC-PUFA 2000 Soybean Oil -- C 18 PUFA 652 Canola Oil -- MUFA, C 18 PUFA 798 Palm Oil -- SFA, MUFA 536 Sunflower Oil -- MUFA, C 18 PUFA 790 Poultry Fat ~0.6% MUFA Pork Lard ~0.4% SFA, MUFA ~ Beef Tallow ~0.2% SFA, MUFA (FAO commodity price index; Turchini et al. 2009)

23 ? Complementary ingredients Low cost diets Not ideal content of essential nutrients High levels of essential nutrients High palatability and digestibility Extrusion Widely available, sustainability Optimize production costs Safe products?

24 What happens when fish meal is replaced by plant protein meal? Effects depend on the species, protein source and level of replacement Might impair growth performance and physiological competence: amino acid deficiency reduce palatability, mainly in carnivorous fish antinutrients a 30% FM bc 10% FM SBM Weight Gain (%) a 10% FM PSG abc 5% FM SBM ab 5% FM PSG d 0% FM SBM c 0% FM PSG (Rombenso et al., 2013)

25 What happens when fish oil is replaced by vegetable oil? Partial replacement no effect on growth performance Total replacement do not effect growth as long as the essential fatty acids are provided 22:5n-3 C18 PUFA 22:6n-3 Fillet Fatty Acid Composition FISH SFA SOY MUFA SOY C18 PUFA SOY PALM POULTRY LC-PUFA :0 16:0 18:0 SFA 16:1n-7 Distortion of fillet fatty acid composition 20:5n-3 20:4n-3 18:1n-7 18:1n-9 18:4n-3 18:3n-3 18:2n-6 MUFA (Rombenso et al., 2016)

26 Antinutritional factors (ANF) Substances that directly or indirectly affect: Feed consumption and utilization Health status Production performance Types of ANF Factors affecting protein utilization and digestion Factors affecting mineral utilization Antivitamins Oligosaccharides Allergenics Miscellaneous substances Example Proteases inhibitors, tannins, and lectins Phytates and gossypols Antithiamines and antiriboflavins Stacchyose and raffinose Glycinin Mycotoxins, alkaloids, saponins (Francis et al., 2001; Gatlin et al., 2007)

27 ANF when fed to fish ANF Protease inhibitors Phytate Saponins Lectins Oligosaccharides Effect when fed to fish Reduced growth and feed digestibility Reduced protein digestibility and utilization Reduced feed intake and growth Reduced nutrient absorption Reduced feed intake and digestibility Potential solutions include Heat treatment/extrusion Defatting Purification (soy protein concentrate and soy protein isolate) Fermentation Selective breeding or GMO (Francis et al., 2001; Gatlin et al., 2007)

28 Soybean meal ANF Protease inhibitors; Phytohaemagglutinin; Glucosinolates; Phytic acid; Saponins; Oestrogenic factor; Flatulence factor; Antivitamin E, A, D, B12, Omnivorous spp. Well accepted SBM in Aquafeeds Carnivorous spp. Depends on FM replacement rate Can impair production performance and physiological competence Potential solutions include Heat treatment/extrusion Defatting Purification (soy protein concentrate and soy protein isolate) Fermentation Breeding for new varieties (CSIRO strategic project)* (Francis et al., 2001; Gatlin et al., 2007)

29 Canola meal ANF Protease inhibitors; Phytohaemagglutinin; Glucosinolates; Phytic acid; Tannins; Suitability of two types of canola (solvent and expeller extracted) in juvenile barramundi Solvent extracted canola suitable up to 30% Expeller extracted canola acceptable up to 20% Some limited effects on gut health and haematology parameters Weight Gain (g/fish) b cd bc d cd bcd bcd a (Francis et al., 2001; Gatlin et al., 2007; Ngo et al., 2016)

30 Sunflowerseed meal (SSM) ANF Protease inhibitors; Arginase inhibitor; Aflatoxin; Tannins; Suitability of SSM in juvenile Tilapia Successful inclusion up to 20% providing optimum growth and production performance More aggressive inclusion levels impair performance Weight Gain (%) abc a ab cd bc d 0 FM 10SSM 20SSM 30SSM 40SSM 50SSM (Francis et al., 2001; Olvera-Novoa et al., 2002; Gatlin et al., 2007)

31 Cottonseed meal (CSM) ANF Phytic acid; Oestrogenic factor; Gossypol; Antivitamin E factor; Cyclopropenoic fatty acid; Aflatoxin; ab ab a FM sparing with GMO and non-gmo lowgossypol CSM in juvenile Southern flounder GMO and non-gmo CSM suitable to replace up to 75% FM Low-gossypol CSM allows higher inclusion rates Final weight (g) ab b ab ab ab (Francis et al., 2001; Gatlin et al., 2007; Alam et al., 2018)

32 Gut enteritis Patho-histological modifications mainly in the distal intestine; Species-specific; Depends on fish size, life stage, water temperature, inclusion level, etc (Fuentes-Quesada et al., 2018)

33 What are we looking for in plant ingredients? Logistics: Wide availability, competitive price, ease of handling, shipping, storage and use in feed manufacturing Nutrients: Low in fibre, starch (non-soluble carbohydrates) and ANF Rich protein content (>45%) Favourable amino acid profile (methionine, lysine) High nutrient digestibility Reasonable palatability Nutrient Fish meal Plant meal *Protein (%) *Lipid (%) Fibre (%) <2 <6 Starch (%) <1 <20 Non-soluble CHO -- <8 Methionine 1.75 >1.5 W-3 fatty acids ~2? Gatlin et al., 2007

34 FAME (%) CSIRO ongoing projects Nuseed-Nofima-CSIRO Omega-3 canola oil in juvenile Atlantic salmon at elevated temperatures Standard (Std) canola and Omega-3 Canola fatty acid profile SAT C 18:1 n-9 Std canola C 18:2 n-6 C 18:3 n-3 DHA canola C 20:5 n-3 C 22:6 n-3

35 CSIRO ongoing projects Developing and evaluating speciality soybean genotypes for use in aquaculture feed Asses the effects of speciality soybean genotypes on growth performance, intestinal health and microbiome Evaluate strategies to reduce ANF in soybean meal: prebiotics, organic acids and extrusion technology Science and Innovation Awards 2018 Dr. Ha Truong

36 CSIRO future projects Improving canola meal for aquafeeds CSIRO-NuSeed Alliance is underway Using joint CSIRO capabilities from food manufacturing, plant breeding and aquaculture group Step 1. Processing Heat treatment: toasting, extrusion, wet pressure cooking Fermentation Dephytinising Enzyme treatment Fractionation Step 2. Fish feeding trial Feeding canola meal in complete diets

37 CSIRO future projects Improving canola meal for aquafeeds Step 2. Genetic/breeding Based on the feeding studies from step 1; a breeding scheme will be developed through Protein modification Reduced fibre content Target gene silencing

38 CSIRO future projects Promote oilseed meals in aquafeeds: Prawn nutrition focusing on canola meal as a fish and soybean meal replacer Advance strategies on domestic oilseed ingredients (soybean, canola and cottonseed): Extrusion technology Fermentation Feed additives

39 Trends Concept of complementary ingredients vs. alternative ingredients Not a single ingredient but blends to minimize the negative aspects of certain complementary ingredients (protein and lipid nutrition) Smith et al., 2018

40 Trends Prawn and tilapia production in Biofloc technology (BFT) system Big avenue for oilseed oil and meals Recent papers demonstrated the potential to replace FM and FO (Ray et al., 2010; Bauer et al., 2012; Correia et al., 2014) Smith et al., 2018

41 Trends Some preference for non-gmo ingredients Lipid content and fatty acid composition of oilseed meals Different approaches for fish and prawns Type of diets: juvenile, grow-out and finishing diets Use of fish meal and oil as specialty and strategic ingredients Feed additives

42 Trends Kepley Biosystems Inc.

43 Opportunities Aquaculture continues to grow Global dominated with low trophic species Australia dominated with salmonid production in Tasmania (high trophic species) Fish meal production is constant over the last decades Modern diets contain higher content of plant protein and oils Nutritional programming Breeding program Strategies to reduce ANF and enhance nutritional quality

44 Opportunities Use of manufacturing/processing waste as substrates for microbial and insect biomass Continue to increase flexibility in formulations Development of optimised protein and lipid sources based on plant-based ingredients (improved fish meal and fish oil analog)

45 Thank you Agriculture & FOOD Aquaculture program Artur Rombenso Ph.D. t e Artur.rombenso@csiro.au w AGRICULTURE & FOOD AQUACULTURE PROGRAM