Neural plasticity in infants - relevance to baby swimming. Morten Overgaard

Transcription

1 Neural plasticity in infants - relevance to baby swimming Morten Overgaard

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3 Programme What is neuroscience? Totally superficial neuroanatomy Paradoxes of functional localization Mechanisms of neural plasticity Relevance to baby swimming Connections between ideas and mechanisms about baby swimming

4 Level of description Consciousness Mental functions CNS / Brain Functional systems Modules Columns Neurons Synapses Molecules

5 Level of description Relations Consciousness Mental functions CNS / The brain Functional systems Parts/ whole Modules Columns Neurons Synapses Molecules

6 Cognitive neuroscience? Mental states Computational states Neural states

7 The Neuron

8 Electrical communication Direction of the electrical impulse

9 The synapse

10 Normal neurotransmission

11 Normal receptor function

12 The brain Cerebellum Medulla The Pons hind-brain The mid-brain Substantia nigra Forebrain

13 Cerebral hemisphere Midbrain Diencephalon Pons Medulla Cerebellum

14 Pons transfers information from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum and vv Medulla oblongata Vital, autonomic functions

15 Diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus. Mid brain motor and sensory control Cerebellum seemingly involved in movements and/or timing

16 Cerebral hemispheres: Cerebral cortex and three structures Basal ganglia Amygdaloid nucleus Hippocampus

17 Subcortical areas

18 The limbic system

19 Four anatomically distinct lobes Occipital Parietal Frontal Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Temporal

20 Pierre Paul Broca ( ) 8 patients who understood language but could not speak Isolated words, no sentence or grammar Lesions in posterior frontal lobe (Broca s Area) We speak with the left hemisphere ( nous parlons avec l hemisphere gauche )

21 Carl Wernicke ( ) New type of aphasia no trouble speaking, but no understanding Lesion in posterior temporal lobe.

22 Language based on several subdomains

23 Neuroimagery MagnetoEncefaloGrafi (MEG) Pammer et al., Human Brain Mapping

24 Regional specialization of the brain: Localization of function

25 No functional impairments despite massive physical injury

26 Seemingly a paradox? It seems that it is true that 1) There is functional localization 2) There is functional recovery

27 Can anything be localized anywhere? True lesion TMS-lesion Blue = sighted; Red = E blind

28 Localizing and distribution

29 Levels of analysis

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34 Mechanisms of plasticity

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37 Classical conditioning

38 Associative learning at a neural level General Model Proposed by Hebb Model depicted in Classical Conditioning terms from LeDoux, 2002 How does cell A remember what it has learned?

39 Effects on brain area function

40 Relevance to baby swimming?

41 General stimulation Closeness to parents Exercise Cognitive stimulation? Happiness and fun

42 General stimulation Unclear empirical concept

43 Environment LTP og LTD

44 Is more better?

45 Deprivation studies

46 Early deprivation effect on seretonin and dopamine systems

47 Exercise?

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49 Exercise protects against brain injury

50 Hippocampal neurogenesis

51 Hippocampus and learning

52 HM

53 The life and death of cells: Apoptosis

54 Can we train cognitive functions? The problem of transfer

55 Hierarchical cognitive functions

56 Prefrontal cortex

57 Cognitive training

58 Training and dopamine systems

59 Cognitive training and neuronal survival

60 Fun..?

61 Basic system for reward Hunger Find food Reward Eat

62 Successful strategy Outcome

63 The Ratbots

64 Human dopamine system

65 Concluding..

66 The knowledge argument

67 Mental states Computational states Neural states

68 Thank you