DEFENSE and SUPPORT: Muscular and Skeletal Systems

Transcription

1 DEFENSE and SUPPORT: Muscular and Skeletal Systems

2 How do these systems provide DEFENSE and SUPPORT? Skeletal System: produces immune cells to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses. Muscular system: coordinates with the nervous system to help animals respond to their environment.

3 Skeletal System Main Functions: The main organs of the skeletal system are the. bones Main Functions: 1. Supports & gives shape to body 2. Protects internal organs 3. Provides for movement 4. Stores minerals (calcium & magnesium) 5. Blood cells produced in bone marrow

4 Simple Evolutionary Trends of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Complex Skeleton Hydrostatic Skeleton Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Type of support Have muscles surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. When contracted, they push against the fluid and cause the body to change shape. A hard external skeleton, made of chitin and is continually shed as the organism grows - molting. Have a well developed Endoskeleton or internal skeleton made of calcified plates. Picture of system Examples Annelids (worms) and Cnidarians (Jellyfish) Arthropods (Insects) and Crustaceans mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians (chordates)

5 Characteristics and Functions a. Bones are attached to other bones with special connective tissues known as. ligaments Arthritis inflammation of the joint itself

6 b. Cartilage is found at ends of bones at joints, reduces friction in movable joints (does NOT contain blood vessels)

7 The cartilage in the growth plates is replaced by bone, the bones become completely ossified, and the person stops growing.

8 c. A place where one bone attaches to another is called a joint.

9 3 Types of Joints & Their Movements i. Immoveable (fixed) joint: no movement Bones of skull; fused ii. Freely moveable: wide range of movement Bone ends covered in cartilage iii. Slightly moveable: permit small amount of movement Between vertebrae

10 Types of Freely Moveable Joints 1. Ball-and-Socket Joint: Permit movement in many directions; widest range of movement of any joint (examples: shoulder and hip) 2. Hinge Joint: Permit back and forth motion (examples: elbow and knee)

11 Types of Freely Moveable Joints 3. Pivot Joint: Allow one bone to rotate around another (example: neck, forearm bones) 4. Saddle (Gliding) Joint: Permit one bone to slide past another bone (example: thumb/wrist )

12 Bones are a living part of your body that contain nervous tissue to send and receive information, as well as blood vessels to bring the nutrients and oxygen gas that is necessary for the bones health and growth.

13 Bone is composed of two types of tissue: Spongy: soft, interior layer of bone tissue. Site of red blood cell production Less dense Contains bone marrow Compact: outer layer of tissue surrounding bone. Stores minerals Calcium. Extremely dense and strong

14 Photo by Steve Fruitsmaak Bone marrow is found inside of bones. This tissue is responsible for creating new blood cells in animals. These cells are a vital part of the circulatory system.

15 Three Types of Bone Cells 1. Osteocytes Mature bone cells that are embedded in the bone matrix. 2. Osteoclasts Bone cells that break down bone; Line the Haversian canals and the surfaces of compact and spongy bone. 3. Osteoblasts Bone cells that produce bone; Line the Haversian canals and the surfaces of compact and spongy bone.

16 Development of Bones *The skeleton of an embryo is composed almost entirely of cartilage. *Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of bone formation called ossification. *Ossification begins to take place up to seven months before birth. *Osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace cartilage osteoblasts become surrounded by bone tissue mature to osteocytes

17 Organization of Life: Skeletal System OSTEOCYTES Compact or Spongy Femur, Tibia, Vertebrae, Skull SKELETAL

18 Skeletal Body System Interactions: Circulatory System: bones help produce new blood cells in addition to storing minerals transported by the circulatory system. Muscular System: bones and muscles work in opposing pairs to perform body movement. Muscles and bones support, protect, and maintain posture for the human body. Nervous System: bones protect many vital organs of the nervous system Skull (brain), Vertebrae (spinal cord).

19 Skeletal System Disorders Arthritis inflammation of the joint itself Kyphosis (hunchback) curvature of upper spine

20 PROBLEM: Osteoporosis is a weakening of bones due to loss of calcium that is more common in older women =Increased risk for fracture Dowager s hump

21 Change in Bone Density over Time Continue weight-bearing exercises throughout your life to keep the bone mass you built earlier on. What can be done now about bone loss? Eat foods containing calcium, magnesium and phosphorous now (as teens) why you still are building bone mass.

22 Bones in the Human Skeleton Here are the main bones everyone should know. Where is your FUNNY BONE?!?!??

23 Muscular System: The main organs of the muscular system are the muscles. There are 3 types of muscles tissue made up of individual muscle cells, called fibers.

24 Types of Muscles: 1. : Skeletal Muscle These muscles are usually attached to bones and allow for the movement of. limbs Since these muscles can be controlled by a the organism, they are known as voluntary muscles. These muscles also help maintain our posture and protect internal organs. This type of muscle is striated.

25 Types of Muscles: 2. : Smooth Muscle This type of muscle is found within the walls of organs like the, intestines, bladder and the diaphragm allowing these organs to expand and. contract Smooth muscle is not under conscious control, so it is known as involuntary muscle. Is NOT striated. Why it is called smooth! Image by Theresa Knott

26 -Smooth muscle also helps move food through your digestive tract via the process Peristalsis.

27 Types of Muscles: 3. : Cardiac Muscle This type of muscle is not under your control, so it is also considered. involuntary It is only found in the heart which is why it is called cardiac muscle. Is striated.

28 How Muscles and Bones Interact a. Skeletal muscles are joined to bones by tough connective tissues called tendons. Tendons pull on the bones and make them work like levers. The muscles provide the force to move the lever. Usually, there are several muscles surrounding each joint that pull in different directions.

29 How Muscles and Bones Interact a. Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. The muscle that contracts is the flexor while the muscle that lengthens and relaxes is the extensor In order for the biceps muscle to contract (flex) the triceps muscle has to relax. Therefore the biceps is your flexor muscle while your triceps is your extensor muscle.

30 c. Muscles use a large amount of. energy This requires them to produce large amounts of the energy molecule called. ATP These molecules are produced in the mitochondria through the process of cellular respiration. This is why there are a greater than average number of mitochondria in muscle cells.

31 d. Cellular respiration requires the body to absorb oxygen gas. When O 2 cannot be absorbed fast enough, the body produces a compound known as. lactic acid

32 Disorders to worry about Black widow bite releases more ACH = muscle spasms Botox blocks release of ACH from neurons paralyzing the muscles in your face = no wrinkles Tetanus- infection causing muscle spasms to develop by blocking motor neurons Lockjaw, neonatal tetanus

33 Organization of Life: Muscular System Cell Muscle Fiber Tissue Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Organ Bicep Stomach Heart Organ System Muscular System

34 Muscular Body System Interactions: Digestive System: smooth muscle found in the stomach and intestinal tract helps move digested food through the body. Circulatory /Respiratory System: products of cellular respiration (CO 2, lactic acid) from the muscular system are removed via the blood stream. Nervous System: signals muscles to contract for movement and response to environmental stimuli.

35 LABEL THE FOLLOWING MUSCLES ON YOUR PICTURE. Quadriceps Hamstrings Quadriceps

36 DEFENSE Integumentary, Immune and Lymphatic Systems

37 DEFENSE How do the integumentary, immune and lymphatic systems work together to defend the body? These systems work together to keep pathogens out of the body and to attack any that make it in.

38 Functions of the Integumentary System 1. Acts as a protective barrier for internal organs and tissues. 2. Prevents pathogens like bacteria and viruses from entering the body. 3. Helps to regulate the body s temperature by sweating or forming goose bumps.

39 Regulating Temperature Homeostasis Skin and hair also help the body heat when it is cold. Skin and hair also help the body retain heat when it is cold. When you sweat, your body places saltwater onto the surface of your skin. Water can absorb large amounts of heat before it evaporates. Because the water absorbs the heat then carries it away, your body can keep itself from. overheating

40 Homeostasis The dermis is abundantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis. If Cold: Blood vessels in the dermis narrow, helping to limit heat loss. Blood bypasses the dermis capillaries temporarily, which allows internal body temperature to stay high. If Hot: Blood vessels widen, bringing heat from the body's core to the skin and increasing heat loss. Skin becomes reddened and warm and allows body heat to radiate from the skin surface.

41 Functions of the Integumentary System 4. Makes vitamin D when exposed to UV light. (Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus.) 5. Prevents the body from becoming dehydrated due to excess water loss. 6. Aids in, excretion of waste like urea and salts. sensory organ 7. Acts as a by detecting heat, cold, pressure, and pain

42 Evolutionary Trends The different phyla of animals have very unique structures that are a part of their integumentary systems which allow them to adapt to their environments.

43 Evolutionary Trends of Integumentary System Simple Complex Animal Taxon Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Adaptations epithelial cells secrete mucous; shells and exoskeletons made of chitin; stinging or sharp outer cells Mucous secreted over scales decreases friction in the water Have mucous glands to keep skin moist to help with respiration and body temperature Dry, scaly skin made of keratin to prevent water loss and regulate body temperature Feathers to fly; glands secrete oily substances to keep feathers waterproof; colorful for communication Picture of Adaptation Examples Jellyfish, worms, insects, crustaceans Fish Frogs, Toads, Salamanders Alligator, Lizards, Snakes Birds

44 Integumentary System in Mammals The main organ of the integumentary system is the. skin It contains three layers known as the, epidermis, dermis and the, which is the underlying layer of fat for insulation. Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

45 1. Epidermis outer layer approximately cells thick covered in pores Hair and nails protude from this layer contains melanin pigment that gives skin its color MAMMALS 2. Dermis thickest layer contains blood vessels, muscles, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands and subaceous ( ) oil glands

46 Epidermis Outer layer of skin Does not contain blood vessels Contains two layers 1. Outside of the epidermis is made up of dead cells and comes into contact with the environment. 2. Inner layer is made up of living cells and undergo rapid cell division, producing new cells that push older cells to the surface of the skin (shed once every 4-5 weeks) o o Keratin tough protein made here that eventually forms the waterproof covering for your skin. Contain melanocytes, which produce melanin. o Melanin is a dark brown pigment that helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing UV rays from the sun. o Differences in skin color are caused by the different amounts of melanin the melanocytes produce. o NO BLOOD VESSELS here, therefore when you slightly scratch your arm it doesn t bleed!

47 Dermis Inner layer of the skin Located between the epidermis and the hypodermis. Contains: 1. Collagen fibers 2. Blood vessels 3. Nerve endings 4. Glands 1. Sweat glands body perspires when too hot 2. Oil glands (sebaceous) produces oily secretion (sebum) to keep skin flexible and waterproof 5. Sensory receptors 6. Smooth muscles 7. Hair follicles

48 Integumentary System Levels of Organization Epithelial Epidermis, Dermis Skin Integumentary

49 Fun Fact: Believe it or not, the integumentary system is the largest organ system and your skin is the largest organ in your body.

50 Interaction with Other Body Systems Skin is the first line of defense in the immune system response. The circulatory system and skin regulate body temperature. Skin and the excretory system excrete water, urea, salts, and other wastes through sweat. Receptors of the nervous system are located in skin.

51 Immune System: The main function of the immune system is to fight off. infections This is the job of the white blood cells and the antibodies they create.

52 Immune System: White blood cell travels throughout the body through the circulatory system. This allows them to be distributed to every part of the body.

53 A substance that triggers this immune response is known as an antigen. Examples of Antigens: Bacteria, Viruses, and Other Pathogens. Cells that recognize specific antigens (lymphocytes): 1. B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Provide immunity against pathogens and antigens in body fluids. 2. T Lymphocytes (T Cells): Provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. 3. Phagocytes: Large cells that eat pathogens and damaged cells.

54 Types of White Blood Cells: Macrophages - These cells kill bacteria by engulfing them (process known as ). phagocytosis This means that they pull the pathogen inside of themselves where the pathogen is trapped and digested by proteins called. enzymes These cells are made in bone marrow. B cells - These cells make antibodies to fight inside body fluids. Memory B cells are also responsible for remembering a specific bacteria or virus. This causes your body to be immune to them in the future.

55 Immune:antibody/antigen response

56 Antibodies are an important part of the immune system. Once they attach to an (substance antigen that triggers immune response), they can prevent further infection and signal the liver and spleen to destroy the toxic invaders.

57 Immune Response When a pathogen invades the body, its antigens are recognized by a small fraction of the body s B cells these cells then release antibodies. Antibodies - Proteins that recognize and bind to antigens. Carried in the bloodstream As the antibodies overcome the infection, the plasma cells die out and stop producing antibodies.

58 Types of White Blood Cells: T Cells - These white blood cells actually attack inside the body s cells which contain bacteria or. viruses They also target and destroy tumor cells which are the root of all cancers.

59 When a virus or cancer begins to invade your body, antibodies alone cannot destroy them. T cells divide and become specific to kill the infected cells: Killer T cells track down and destroy the tissue containing the antigen Helper T cells produce memory T cells (able to activate killer T and B cells) Suppressor T cells release substances that shut down the Killer T cells after the antigens are under control. A breast cancer cell above and a prostate cancer cell below being attacked by Killer T Cells

60 Penicillin and other antibiotics can also be used to help the immune system, but it is important that you understand that antibiotics only kill! bacteria They will NOT help if you are sick with a virus because viruses are not cells!

61 H.I.V. Human Immunodeficiency Virus H.I.V. is the virus that causes, A.I.D.S. or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It attacks a special T cell known as a Helper T cell.

62 The lymphatic system removes fluid from around cells and filters out pathogens. When this fluid passes through the, lymph nodes white blood cells attack and kill any pathogens.

63 When bacteria and other pathogens travel through the lymph nodes, they are attacked by white blood cells. This causes the lymph nodes to. swell Lymphatic system also collects fluid lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system

64 Organs in the Lymphatic System Lymph nodes (densely packed area of tissue that filters lymph and traps microorganisms) Lymph vessels (run along side veins collecting and carrying lymph back to the circulatory system) Lymph (fluid found in lymph vessels) Spleen (Removes damaged red blood cells from blood) Tonsils (Pair of enlarged lymph nodes in throat) Thymus gland (Location where some white blood cells mature)

65 Evolutionary Trends of Lymph & Immune Systems Simple Complex Animal Taxon Invertebrates Fish Mammals Adaptations Cells recognize peptidoglycan, a substance found in the cell walls of bacteria, and destroy the bacteria Thymus makes T lymphocytes and B cells Body produces antibodies specific to certain pathogens Examples bees, flies Fish Human

66 Lymph & Immune System Levels of Organization White Blood Cells, B-cells, T- cells, macrophages Lymph nodes, bone marrow Spleen, Liver Lymph and Immune

67 Interactions with other Body Systems Skin of the integumentary system is the first line of defense of the immune system. The circulatory system transports immune cells around the body. It also helps control body fluids with the lymphatic system. The excretory system excretes excess fluids and pathogens. Bones of the skeletal system produce lymphocytes and macrophages.