CONTENTS. Section 1 Bilateral Predominantly Symmetric Abnormalities. Cases. Other Relevant Cases

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1 Edited by,, and List of contributors xi List of abbreviations xii Preface xv Section 1 Bilateral Predominantly Symmetric Abnormalities 1 Hepatic Encephalopathy 2 2 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 UBOs 4 3 Carbon Monoxide Intoxication 6 4 Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (Hallervorden Spatz Syndrome) 8 5 Methanol Intoxication 10 6 Wilson Disease 12 7 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Term Neonates 14 8 Cryptococcosis 16 9 Gangliosidosis GM Leigh Disease Deep Cerebral Vein Thrombosis (DCVT) Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) Global Cerebral Anoxia in Mature Brain 26 and 14 Wernicke Encephalopathy Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Glutaric Aciduria Type Subcortical Band Heterotopia Bilateral Perisylvian Polymicrogyria (BPP) Lissencephaly Herpes Simplex Encephalitis 40 and 21 Limbic Encephalitis CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts Canavan Disease 48 and Chen Hoffman 25 HIV Encephalopathy 50 and 26 Radiation- and Chemotherapy-Induced Leukoencephalopathy Leukoaraiosis (Microangiopathy) Periventricular Edema in Acute Hydrocephalus Hypoglycemia X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES, Hypertensive Encephalopathy) 64 and 33 Alexander Disease Metachromatic Leukodystrophy 68 and 35 Neurodegenerative Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (ND-LCH) 70 and 36 Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120 and 60 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) Osmotic Myelinolysis 134 v

2 Edited by,, and 87 Benign External Hydrocephalus Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Alzheimer Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Huntington Disease 186 and 184 Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection 380 and Chen Hoffman Section 2 Sellar, Perisellar and Midline Lesions 38 Rathke s Cleft Cyst Pituitary Microadenoma 80 and 40 Lymphocytic Hypophysitis 82 and 41 Pituitary Macroadenoma 84 and 42 Ectopic Posterior Pituitary Lobe Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 88 and 44 Craniopharyngioma Hypothalamic Hamartoma Optic Glioma Perisellar Meningioma Hemangioma of the Cavernous Sinus Tolosa Hunt Syndrome Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula Perisellar Aneurysm Chordoma 106 and 53 Chondrosarcoma Colloid Cyst Aqueductal Stenosis Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) 114 and 57 Joubert Syndrome Rhombencephalosynapsis 118 Chen Hoffman 59 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120 and 60 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) Chiari 2 Malformation Tectal Glioma Brainstem Glioma Duret Hemorrhage Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration 132 and 66 Osmotic Myelinolysis Germinoma 136 and 68 Pineoblastoma 138 and 69 Pineal Cyst Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation (VGAM) Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis Septo-Optic Dysplasia Holoprosencephaly Atretic Parietal Encephalocele Dermoid Cyst Lipoma Wernicke Encephalopathy Dandy Walker Malformation Susac Syndrome 232 vi

3 Edited by,, and Section 3 Parenchymal Defects or Abnormal Volume 77 Hippocampal Sclerosis Wallerian Degeneration Rasmussen Encephalitis 162 Chen Hoffman and 80 Chronic Infarct Post-Traumatic Atrophy Postoperative Defects Porencephalic Cyst Schizencephaly Hemimegalencephaly Sturge Weber Syndrome Benign External Hydrocephalus Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Alzheimer Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Huntington Disease 186 and 92 Congenital Muscular Dystrophies Dandy Walker Malformation Microcephaly Hydranencephaly Acquired Intracranial Herniations Glutaric Aciduria Type Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) 114 and 57 Joubert Syndrome Rhombencephalosynapsis 118 Chen Hoffman 59 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120 and 61 Chiari 2 Malformation 124 Section 4 Abnormalities Without Significant Mass Effect A. Primarily Non-Enhancing 97 Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis Dural Arteriovenous Fistula 202 and 99 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Laminar Necrosis Neurocutaneous Melanosis 208 Majda Thurnher 102 Superficial Siderosis Polymicrogyria Seizure-Related Changes (Peri-Ictal MRI Abnormalities) Embolic Infarcts Focal Cortical Dysplasia 218 and 107 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Dysembroplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT, DNET) Nonketotic Hyperglycemia With Hemichorea Hemiballismus Hyperdensity Following Endovascular Intervention 226 and 111 Early (Hyperacute) Infarct Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Susac Syndrome Diffuse Axonal Injury 234 Majda Thurnher 115 Multiple Sclerosis 236 and 116 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 238 vii

4 Edited by,, and 117 Nodular Heterotopia Lissencephaly Herpes Simplex Encephalitis 40 and 21 Limbic Encephalitis 42 B. Primarily Enhancing 118 Neurosarcoidosis Meningeal Carcinomatosis Meningitis (Infectious) Perineural Tumor Spread Moyamoya Central Nervous System Vasculitis Subacute Infarct 254 and 125 Active Multiple Sclerosis Capillary Telangiectasia Developmental Venous Anomaly Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) Ventriculitis 264 and Majda Thurnher 30 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) Alexander Disease Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Sturge Weber Syndrome 176 Section 5 Primarily Extra-Axial Focal Space-Occupying Lesions 130 Arachnoid Granulations Leptomeningeal Cyst Epidural Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Empyema Secondary (Systemic) Lymphoma Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Olfactory Neuroblastoma Meningioma 284 and 139 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma Hemangiopericytoma Schwannoma Arachnoid Cyst Epidermoid Aneurysm Racemose Neurocysticercosis 298 and 146 Ependymal Cyst Choroid Plexus Cyst Choroid Plexus Papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Central Neurocytoma Ventricular Diverticula Colloid Cyst Germinoma 136 and 68 Pineoblastoma 138 and 75 Dermoid Cyst Lipoma Dandy Walker Malformation 190 viii

5 Edited by,, and Section 6 Primarily Intra-Axial Masses A. Typically Without Blood Products 152 Acute Infarction 314 Majda Thurnher 153 Glioblastoma Multiforme 316 and Majda Thurnher 154 Therapy-Induced Cerebral Necrosis (Radiation Necrosis) 318 and 155 Non-Hemorrhagic Metastases Cerebral Abscess Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Primary CNS Lymphoma 326 and 159 Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesion Tuberculoma Oligodendroglioma Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma 334 and 163 Gliomatosis Cerebri Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) Ganglioglioma 342 and 167 Neurocysticercosis Parenchymal Dilated Perivascular Spaces Neuroepithelial Cyst 348 and 170 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) Subependymoma Ependymoma Pilocytic Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma 358 and 175 Hemangioblastoma 360 and 176 Lhermitte Duclos (Cowden Syndrome) Tectal Glioma Brainstem Glioma Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration 132 and B. Typically With Blood Products 177 Hypertensive Hematoma Amyloid Hemorrhage Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Cortical Contusion Hemorrhagic Neoplasms Hemorrhagic Venous Thrombosis 372 and 182 Arteriovenous Malformation Cavernous Angioma (Cavernoma) 376 and Section 7 Intracranial Calcifications 184 Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection 380 and Chen Hoffman 185 Congenital Toxoplasmosis 382 Chen Hoffman 186 Aicardi Goutières Syndrome Physiologic Basal Ganglia Calcifications Hyperparathyroidism Meningioangiomatosis Vascular Wall Calcification Dystrophic Calcifications Calcified Aneurysms Vascular Malformations Cysticercosis Calcified Metastases 398 ix

6 Edited by,, and 196 Ganglioglioma Oligodendroglioma Cortical Tubers in Tuberous Sclerosis Subependymal Nodules in Tuberous Sclerosis Ependymoma Lipoma With Calcification Craniopharyngioma Meningioma Teflon Granuloma 408 Index 410 x