General Biology I. BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 2! Connect Due Date: 10/31/ :59PM. Multiple Choice Portion

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1 General Biology I BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 2 Connect Due Date: 10/31/ :59PM Instructions Complete this homework assignment as the material is covered in class. You may refer to any of the course resources including the text, lecture notes, and Connect. In order to receive credit for this homework assignment you must enter and submit your final answers online through Connect before the due date. Multiple Choice Portion 1.A semi-fluid matrix called the occupies the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. cell d. organelle 2.A distinctive feature of eukaryotes. a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. cell wall d. DNA 1

2 3.Region of the endomembranous system for the collection, packaging, modification, and transport of molecules. a. mitochondria b. plasma membrane c. vesicle d. Golgi apparatus 4.Responsible for the shape, support, and movement of animal cells a. plasma membrane b. cytoskeleton c. cell wall d. peptidoglycan layer 5.Plant cells contain all of the following except a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. ribosomes d. nucleiod 6.Many eukaryotic cells possess flagella or cilia, which have the characteristic arrangement of microtubules. a b c d Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio a. increases. b. decreases. c. stays the same. d. is squared. e. is cubed. 2

3 8.Each of the following are functions of the proteins of the plasma membrane except a. reception. b. recognition. c. simple diffusion. d. active transport. e. facilitated diffusion. 9.Which of the following is untrue regarding the genetic material of bacterial cells? a. located in the nucleiod. b. linear. c. circular. d. comprised of a single chromosome. e. extrachromosomal. 10.Schlieden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form includes all of the following postulates except a. all organisms are composed of one or more cells. b. all cells require oxygen. c. cells are the smallest living things. d. cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. e. cells vary in size and shape. 11.This organelle creates turgor pressure in the plant cell a. nucleus. b. chloroplast. c. Golgi body. d. centriole. e. central vacuole. 3

4 12.Which of the following is not present in all eukaryotic cells? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. ribosome c. plasma membrane d. cell wall e. Golgi bodies 13.The individual chromosomes can be distinguished from the chromatin a. after the cell is dead. b. during cell division. c. while the DNA is being copied into RNA. d. while the proteins are being assembled. e. while the nuclear pores are open. 14.Peroxisomes in animal cells, and glyoxosomes in plant cells are examples of a. chromosomes. b. lysosomes. c. microbodies. d. nucleosomes. e. ribosomes. 15.Which of the following is not found in the mitochondria a. DNA. b. protein. c. ribosomes d. cristae e. thylakoids 16.The organelle that requires oxygen. a. nucleus. b. lysosome. c. ER. d. mitochondria. e. chloroplasts. 4

5 17.Under the microscope, a tissue cell reveals a large endoplasmic reticulum which is extremely rough in appearance. The most likely function of this tissue includes: a. This tissue produces and exports lipids to the plasma membrane. b. This tissue produces and exports proteins to other areas of the body. c. This tissue carries out cellular respiration for the production of ATP. d. This tissue replicates DNA during cell division. 18.One of the relationships that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is that a. ribosomes produce digestive enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes. b. ribosomes produce lipids that could be stored in lysosomes. c. d. lysosomes are located near ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. lysosomes are produced by ribosomes and therefore contain proteins that were synthesized at the ribosomes. 19.A cell biologist has developed a new drug that will block the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. If eventually approved by the FDA, she wants to use this new drug to aid cancer patients. What specifically will this drug prevent from happening inside a cancer cell? a. the synthesis of proteins or lipids by the endoplasmic reticulum the movement of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi b. apparatus c. the movement of transport vesicles to the plasma membrane and exocytosis d. the movement of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane and exocytosis 20.Plants, fungi, and bacteria share which one of the following characteristics? a. cell walls b. nuclear membranes c. nuclei d. lysosomes e. vesicles 5

6 21.Gram staining is a common method of distinguishing bacteria. It takes advantage of the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. What type of bacteria appear red/pink after staining with a secondary dye? a. Gram negative b. Gram positive c. Gram neutral d. Gram prokaryotic 22.Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, which of the following structures must you include? a. cell wall b. ribosome c. mitochondria d. nucleus 23.The molecule that forms the foundation of cell membranes. a. phospholipids b. fats c. carbohydrates d. proteins 24. is the net movement of solutes to regions of lower concentration. a. Osmosis b. Active transport c. Facilitation d. Diffusion 25.The diffusion of water a. solutes b. membranes c. compartments d. cells 6

7 26.Glycoproteins and glycolipids are examples of associated with the cell membrane. a. organelles b. phospholipids c. cell surface markers d. cytoskeletal fibers 27.Which of the following requires specific transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. a. passive transport b. active transport c. simple diffusion d. osmosis 28.If the intracellular fluid has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as the extracellular fluid, the cell's condition is described as being a. isotonic. b. hypertonic. c. hypotonic. d. hydrophobic. e. hydrophilic. 29.The cell's transactions with the environment mediated by its plasma membrane proteins include all of the following except a. ingesting nutrients. b. carrying out chemical reactions. c. responding to chemical and environmental stimuli. d. communication with other cells. e. all of the above. 7

8 30.In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their a. plasma membranes. b. organelles. c. cytoskeletons. d. cell walls. e. flagella. 31.The process often thought of as "cell eating" is a. osmosis. b. pinocytosis. c. phagocytosis. d. diffusion. e. active transport. 32.Carrier-mediated passive transport a. facilitated diffusion. b. active transport. c. exocytosis. d. endocytosis. e. phagocytosis. 33.Occurs when only water can pass through a selectively permeable membrane. a. active transport. b. simple diffusion. c. osmosis. d. receptor-mediated endocytosis. e. pinocytosis. 8

9 34.Cell-walled organisms cannot carry out a. exocytosis. b. active transport. c. osmosis. d. diffusion. e. endocytosis. 35.The type of transport that is specific, passive, and which becomes saturated. a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion. c. active transport. d. endocytosis. e. osmosis. 36.In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used up with the result that a. 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter. b. 1 sodium ion enters and 1 potassium ion leaves. c. 1 sodium ion leaves and 1 potassium ion enters. d. 3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave. e. sodium and potassium ions enter and water leaves. 37.The turgor pressure observed in plants is a direct result of the plant cells being to their environment. a. hypoosmotic b. isosmotic c. osmosis d. hyperosmotic 38.Which of the following does not influence membrane fluidity? a. a decrease in temperature b. the addition of cholesterol c. hydrogen bonding of water holding the membrane together d. introduction of double bonds into fatty acids 9

10 39.Which of the following mutations would be most likely to interfere with the proper insertion of a protein in the plasma membrane? a. a polar amino acid to a non-polar amino acid within a transmembrane domain b. a non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid within a transmembrane domain c. a polar amino acid to a non-polar amino acid within a cytoplasmic domain d. a non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid within a cytoplasmic domain 40.Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by influencing the chemical bonds in a way that lowers the needed to start a chemical reaction. a. heat energy b. free energy c. activation energy d. enzyme 41.Enzymes work most effectively at a. their optimum ph and temperature conditions b. any ph and temperature conditions c. only one temperature and a specific ph 42.Substrate binding to an enzyme occurs at the site. a. catalytic b. enzymatic c. active d. allosteric 43.A series of sequential chemical reactions regulated by enzymes. a. chemical reactions b. biochemical pathways c. energy steps d. second messenger cascades 10

11 44.A chemical reaction which requires energy is called an reaction. a. exergonic b. endergonic c. explosive d. heating 45.Biochemical pathways can be stopped by a(n) that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme in the pathway. a. enzyme b. allosteric modulator c. competitive inhibitor d. feedback inhibitor 46.In order for a chemical reaction to proceed spontaneously a. reactants must be higher in energy than the products. b. reactant must be lower in energy than the products. c. enzymes must be utilized. d. the change in Gibbs free energy must be positive. e. the reaction requires energy. 47.Which of the following describes enzyme specificity? a. One substrate molecule can fit into the active site. b. One product molecule can fit into the active site. c. one substrate can fit into the allosteric site d. The active site can bind many different substrates. 48.The chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called a. NADH. b. FADH. c. AMP d. ADP. e. ATP. 11

12 49.The sum of all energy producing and energy consuming reactions of a cell. a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism. d. enzymology. e. thermodynamics. 50.Life's ultimate source of energy is derived from a. carbohydrates. b. the sun. c. water. d. oxygen. e. cells. 51.The coenzyme that is able to accept electrons/hydrogens is a. NAD +. b. NADH. c. ATP. d. NADPH. e. ribozyme. 52.ATP provides energy when it is converted to a. DNA. b. NADP. c. NADH. d. ADP and phosphate. e. RNA. 12

13 53.The regulation of biochemical pathways that involves the end-product binding to the allosteric site of the first enzyme in the sequence. a. competitive inhibition. b. biochemical regulation. c. cellular control. d. product catalysis. e. feedback inhibition. 54.The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that a. energy is constantly being created in the universe. b. disorder in the universe is continually increasing. c. energy can be created but not destroyed. d. energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed from one form to another. e. energy can be recycled through the universe. 55.The Second Law of Thermodynamics simply states that a. energy can be recycled through the universe. b. energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed from one form to another. c. disorder (or entropy) in the universe is continually increasing. d. energy is constantly being created in the universe. e. energy can be created but not destroyed. 56.A researcher wants to slow down a particular cellular activity by controlling an enzyme that catalyzes that activity. All of the following choices are available except a. increasing the temperature of the cell's environment. b. decreasing the temperature of the cell's environment. c. reducing the ph of the cell's environment. d. increasing the ph of the cell's environment. e. adding substrate as it is depleted to the cell's environment. 13

14 57.Which of the following statements concerning redox reactions is false? The reduced form of a molecule has a higher level of energy than the oxidized a. form. b. Reduction is the gain of an electron, and oxidation is the loss of an electron. c. Organisms can derive energy from the oxidation of organic compounds. d. Oxidation reactions and reduction reactions occur independently. 58.The Gibbs free energy equation, G = H - TS, interrelates a. free energy and entropy. b. free energy and enthalpy. c. free energy and standard temperature. d. entropy and enthalpy. 59.If the ΔG of a reaction was kjoules, you would know that a. the reaction would proceed spontaneously. b. the reaction requires an energy input of kjoules to proceed. c. the products of the reaction have more free energy than the reactants. d. it is an energonic reaction. 60.Which of the following statements about ATP hydrolysis is false? a. The bonds between the phosphates in ATP are high-energy bonds. b. A large amount of free energy is released as a result of ATP hydrolysis. c. ATP hydrolysis has a ΔG of 7.3 kcal/mol. d. Energy is required to create ATP high energy-bonds 61.While conducting an experiment, you realize that a competitive inhibitor was interfering with your reaction. To overcome this problem, you a. add a non-competitive inhibitor to the reaction. b. decrease the concentration of the correct substrate in the reaction. c. increase the concentration of the correct substrate in the reaction. d. add an allosteric activator to the reaction. 14

15 62.Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy sources are called. a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs c. oligotrophs d. chemotrophs 63.Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water in organisms which breathe air in a process called respiration. a. anaerobic b. continuous c. glucose d. aerobic 64.In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called. a. glucose b. carbon dioxide c. ATP d. pyruvate 65.For further derivation of energy, aerobic cells must convert pyruvate into acetyl-coa by stripping off a C02 molecule. This process is known as. a. decarboxylation b. glycolysis c. The Kreb's cycle d. metabolism 66.All of the reactions of glucose oxidation that follow glycolysis, and involve the transfer of electrons to their final acceptor, take place in eukaryotic cells in the. a. chloroplasts b. nucleus c. mitochondria d. plasma membrane 15

16 67.Because the chemical formation of ATP is driven by a diffusion force similar to osmosis, this process is referred to as. a. active transport b. chemiosmosis c. decarboxylation d. diffusion 68.When oxygen is limiting, during heavy exercise, muscle cells revert to fermentation for energy production. a. alcohol b. yeast c. aerobic d. lactic acid 69.In eukaryotes, the glycolytic reactions take place in the a. mitochondria of the cell. b. cytoplasm of the cell. c. ribosomes of the cell. d. endoplasmic reticulum of each cell. e. Golgi bodies of the cell. 70.In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen atoms generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules in a process called a. fermentation. b. decarboxylation. c. chemiosmosis. d. electron transport chain reactions. e. acetyl-coa formation. 71.In which of the following steps of glycolysis are two ATP molecules are required? a. cleavage and rearrangement b. glucose priming c. oxidation d. pyruvate formation e. acetyl-coa formation 16

17 72.A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is a. glycolysis. b. fermentation. c. the Krebs cycle. d. electron transport chain reactions. e. pyruvate oxidation. 73.All of the following are the end products of glycolysis except a. pyruvate. b. ATP. c. NADH. d. NAD +. e. energy. 74.The decarboxylation of pyruvate produces all of the following except a. NADH. b. acetyl-coa. c. CO2. d. ATP. 75.A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle a. one turn. b. two turns. c. three turns. d. four turns. e. six turns. 76.The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as a. CO2. b. ATP. c. new O2. d. H2O. e. part of a sugar. 17

18 77.The enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located in the a. cytoplasm. b. inter-membrane space of mitochondria. c. vesicles of the ER. d. outer membrane of the mitochondria. e. matrix of the mitochondria. 78.Beta oxidation of these molecules converts them into acetyl-coa, which can then enter the Krebs cycle for energy derivation. These are a. fatty acids. b. amino acids. c. ATP. d. nucleic acids. e. sugars. 79.Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism. glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Electron Transport Chain Krebs a. Cycle glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle Electron Transport b. Chain glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Electron Transport Chain Krebs c. Cycle glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Electron Transport d. Chain 80.Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix? a. to generate and maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production b. to separate the ATP from the ADP c. because electrons cannot float in the matrix d. in order to stabilize the proteins 18

19 81.In the reactions of photosynthesis, electron carrier molecules are reduced and ATP is synthesized. a. light b. dark c. energetic d. chemical 82.Clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments are called. a. the Golgi apparatus b. chloroplasts c. photosystems d. photosynthetic membranes 83.Carbon fixation occurs during the dark reactions, or, in photosynthesis. a. glycolysis b. metabolism c. respiration d. the Calvin cycle 84.In green plant photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is a. carbon dioxide. b. oxygen. c. RuBP. d. chlorophyll II. e. water. 85.In the dark reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon sugarphosphate known as a. cyclic AMP. b. NADH. c. NAD +. d. RuBP. e. CAM. 19

20 86.Chlorophyll b absorbs in green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this respect, chlorophyll b acts as a. an accessory pigment. b. an energizer for photosynthetic bacteria. c. a light absorber in the green light. d. a more efficient pigment. 87.Which of the following is common to both cellular respiration and the light reactions of photosynthesis? a. the transfer of electrons to glucose b. the chemiosmotic formation of ATP c. oxygen is one of the byproducts d. mitochondria are essential organelles e. must have light 88.How many revolutions of the Calvin cycle are required to produce the sugar glucose? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e What products of light reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle? a. oxygen and protons b. carbon dioxide and water c. ATP and NADPH d. ADP and NADP e. glucose and oxygen 20

21 90.Most of the atmospheric oxygen occurs as a result of photosynthesis. From which of the following molecules is the oxygen derived? a. water b. carbon dioxide c. glucose d. chlorophyll 91.If chlorophyll a is blocked from absorbing, what will happen to chlorophyll b since it is an accessory pigment? Chlorophyll b will become denatured and will not function as a light-absorbing a. pigment. Chlorophyll b will still absorb near the green wavelengths of light, but b. photosynthesis will be greatly reduced. Chlorophyll b will become saturated with light and will continue photosynthesis c. even in the absence of chlorophyll a. d. Chlorophyll b will also be blocked and thus photosynthesis will be stopped. 92.The Calvin cycle requires all of the following except a. carbon dioxide. b. oxygen. c. ATP. d. NADPH. e. water. 93.Visible light not strongly absorbed by chlorophyls. a. green b. violet-blue c. red d. ultraviolet e. yellow-orange 21