!!!Video: AP Big Idea 1: 005, Essential Characteristics of Life (10:01)

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1 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 1: 005, Essential Characteristics of Life (10:01) 1. What does all life have?...and what does that mean? 2. What does it mean to be conserved? 3. Make and fill in the diagram/tree that he makes with Life at the top. 4. What is the genetic code? Where is it found? 5. What does it mean that DNA is interchangeable /universal? 6. Diagram (in the box) the Central Dogma : (starts with DNA) 7. Concerning metabolism: a. What is the energy coinage that all life uses: b. What does it mean that all life uses the same/similar metabolic pathways? 8. Considering the evolution of eukaryotic cells: a. How could the endomembrane system been formed? b. What is the evidence for the process of endosymbiosis forming the mitochondria and chloroplast of the eukaryotic cell?

2 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 2: 012, Life Requires Free Energy (12:58) 1. Introduction: a. Where do we get a constant supply of free energy? b. What do plants do with it? c. How do we utilize free energy? d. What is neat about glycolysis? e. What are the three major things we GET from free energy? f. What is homeostasis? g. What can we do with extra free energy? h. What happens when we get disruptions? 2. Life requires: 3. To maintain order we require a constant 4. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 5. Eventually all energy ends up as 6. What is the second law of thermodynamics? 7. What is entropy? 8. How can evolution occur if things are going to greater disorder? 9. What is glycolysis? Why does it cost ATP? 10. How is it that different types of sugars can use glycolysis though they all don t contain glucose? 11. What is the relationship between metabolism and size? Why do mice have such a high metabolism? 12. Organization requires 13. What is released when you break down ATP to ADP? 14. Growth isn t just about getting bigger but also 15. We use extra energy to do: 16. We can store 17. What happens if we have a decrease in free energy as people? 18. Describe what happened at Easter Island.

3 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 2: 013, Photosynthesis and Respiration (15:38) 1. What is the goal of life? 2. Name and describe and give an example of the two life strategies. 3. What are the two types of autotrophs? 4. What are the two types of heterotrophs? 5. Who are the autotrophs making the food for? 6. Where does chemosynthesis occur? 7. Tubeworms contain what type of chemosynthetic organism? 8. Yeast can do alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation, that we do, also does not require: 9. Write the equation for photosynthesis (reverse is cellular respiration): 10. What are you storing in the glucose molecule? 11. What is the delta G? 12. Where does the light reaction take place specifically? 13. Where does the Calvin Cycle take place specifically? 14. Make a summary statement about what photosynthesis is: 15. What is chlorophyll and what does it do? 16. Where did the electron come from that formed NADPH?

4 17. As the electrons pass through the they use their energy to pump to: 18. When the protons are concentrated on one side of the membrane, they pass through complex and form: 19. The process stores the energy of in and 20. Calvin Cycle: Use the ATP and NADPH to make 21. Evolution: What gas has increased over time? 22. What type of reaction is Cellular Respiration? (exergonic or endergonic) 23. Make a simple diagram of a mitochondrion: 24. In glycolysis, you start with one glucose and produce two: 25. In the Kreb s cycle we store energy from the pyruvate in so we can finally use that in the: 26. Now an electron transport chain, again as we transfer electrons we are pumping 27. Again, H+ flow through ATP synthase complex to form: 28. The electron that passed through the chain will eventually bind with forming:

5 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 2: 015, Cell Membranes (11:04) 1. Why does soap dissolve the membrane easily? 2. What is selective permeability? How does the cell achieve this? 3. What are the major molecules in the cell membrane? 4. Define the characteristic of being amphipathic? Explain how this affects transport across the membrane? 5. What role do proteins play in transport? 6. What kinds of cell have cell membranes? 7. What kinds of cells have cell walls? 8. What are the two roles of cholesterol in the membrane? 9. What are glycoproteins made of? 10. Name an important glycoprotein and its role in the body? 11. What are glycolipids made up of and what is their role in the membrane? 12. Draw (simply) and describe the structure of a phospholipid and indicates its charges on the diagram. 13. Diagram the charge distribution of a membrane:

6 14. Why can t water pass through the phospholipids? 15. What are the characteristics (2) and examples (2) of substances that can move easily through the membrane? 16. How do proteins assist in transport? (2) 17. What is the role of proteins classified as an Aquaporin? 18. What does active transport require to function. Name a famous example of a pump. 19. Name two functions of the cell wall: 20. What material makes up the cell wall of: a. Plants: b. Bacteria: c. Fungi:

7 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 2: 016, Transport Across Cell Membranes (13:58) 1. Introduction: a. Does the movement of molecules to fill a space require energy? b. What are the two forms of transports? c. What is Diffusion and describe an example in living systems. d. What is specific to Osmosis? e. What is a specific type of diffusion that requires proteins? f. What substance is needed for Active Transport? Why? g. What is the most famous example of active transport? h. What is the name of two large-scale forms of active transport? 2. Diffusion: a. In his example, when the gray and black particles move, what determines which direction? b. Is the ordered movement? c. Where can diffusion be seen in living systems? d. Define Osmosis: e. Draw the U-Tube experiment before and after:

8 f. Why does the slug shrivel up? g. Draw a red blood cell in three different types of solutions (his diagram): h. Define Hypertonic: i. Define Hypotonic: j. Define Isotonic: k. Concerning facilitated diffusion: What doesn t it require? What does it require? l. What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? m. What is a concentration gradient? n. Describe how glucose must enter a cell, explain why. o. What is co-transport? describe an example 3. Active Transport a. What is active transport? how is it different from passive? b. Describe how the sodium potassium pump works. c. What the is ATP: Na : K ratio? d. What is endocytosis? Describe how it takes place. e. What is exocytosis?

9 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 4: 042, Biological Molecules (15:20) 1. What are the four categories of macromolecules? 2. What is a monomer? 3. Lipids are unique because they don t have a single type of monomer. Name two reasons why lipids are important. 4. Lipids are generally polar molecules. T/F circle one 5. Nucleic acid monomers are and are made up of 6. What are the functions of nucleic acids? 7. Protein monomers are: 8. What differentiates one amino acid from another? 9. Carbohydrate monomers are 10. The significance of directionality of the monomers in a polymer is that when you put the monomers together in a certain sequence/order they have a. The process of putting monomers together is called b. What is lost during the process of #11? c. What kind of bond is formed generally? Specifically between amino acids of a protein? d. What must be added to break the bonds? e. What is the name of that process? 11. Concerning Nucleic Acids: a. What are the two examples of nucleic acids he gave? (btw ATP is also an example) b. What is a nucleotide and what are its three parts? c. What are differences between DNA and RNA? d. What are the four nucleotides in DNA? RNA?

10 e. When you see 3 and 5, this is referring to the nucleic acid s directionality and specifically to the carbons found in the f. What makes DNA antiparallel? 12. Concerning Proteins: a. The protein monomer is: b. How many amino acids are there? c. Draw and label a basic amino acid in the box to the right. d. What part of the amino acid differentiates it from another? e. What is the directionality of a protein? f. What is the significance of the directionality in protein digestion? 13. Concerning Lipids: a. List the different types of lipids (4): b. What is the similar structure between the four? c. What is significant about hydrocarbons found in lipids? (2): d. What is unique about phospholipids? e. What does amphipathic mean? f. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? g. Why do unsaturated fats bend? h. Why is margarine a solid though it originates from plants? (btw, butter is solid at room temperatures) 14. Concerning Carbohydrates: a. Carbohydrates give us: (2) b. Carbohydrate monomers are c. What are the two types of glucose molecules indicated? d. What determines directionality in carbohydrates?

11 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 4: 043, Cellular Organelles (9:38) 1. Introduction: a. Role of nucleus: (2) b. ER i. Rough has ii. Ribosomes function: iii. Smooth ER responsible for (2) c. Golgi complex: newly made proteins are transported here and can go: (2) d. Lysosomes break e. Vacuole is important in f. Energy organelles: i. Mitochondria for making ii. Chloroplasts make: 2. Ribosomes: a. What are ribosomes made up of? (2) b. Where is it synthesized? c. How many subunits make up a ribosome? d. Why does mrna go through the middle?

12 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum: a. What is the ER usually attached to? b. Rough ER has ribosomes on it so c. Smooth ER is where lipids are synthesized. (Mentioned above) d. The function of the ER is to be a lattice so cells can 4. Golgi Complex: a. Tell about some of the accomplishments of Camillo Golgi b. Purpose: takes information that is made in the ER and 5. Lysosome: a. Purposes: (3 discussed) b. Why is it referred to as the suicide sack? 6. Mitochondria: a. Purpose: b. Why is their folding on the cristae and why is that significant? 7. Vacuole Purposes: 8. Chloroplast: a. Purpose: b. The reason there is increased surface area is for: (2)

13 !!!Video: AP Big Idea 4: 048, Enzymes (11:52) 1. What are enzymes? 2. What reaction does catalase catalyze? Write out the balanced chemical equation. 3. How fast does catalase work? 4. What is the active site and what is its function? 5. What kinds of regulation exist for enzymes? (2x) 6. What are the two types of inhibition? (2x) 7. How to you measure the rate of an enzymatic reaction? (2x) 8. What is the interaction between the active site and the substrate? (They are like a.) 9. What is the advantage to using an enzyme? 10. How do we turn enzymes on? (2x) 11. What are the two types of activators? 12. Define cofactor and give an example of one. 13. Define coenzyme and give an example. 14. Describe competitive inhibition. 15. What is another name for non-competitive inhibition? Describe non-competitive inhibition. 16. What is the allosteric site? 17. What are two possible ways that allosteric inhibitors affect the action of the enzyme? 18. What are the two ways that we can measure reaction rate. 19. What is the correlation between temperature and enzyme activity?

14 !!!Video: AP Biology Labs 01- Diffusion & Osmosis (7:46) 1. Define diffusion: 2. How is osmosis different? 3. How does a semipermeable membrane act? 4. Define hypertonic: 5. Define hypotonic: 6. Why did the water move? 7. Why didn t the sugar move? 8. Diagram the set-up of the Diffusion Demonstration: 9. How can you test for glucose? 10. How can you test for starch? 11. What can pass through the dialysis tubing? 12. What cannot? 13. Diagram the set up of the Potato Lab 14. Why did some potatoes gain mass and some lose mass?

15 !!!Video: AP Biology Labs: 02, Enzyme Catalysis (6:46) 1. Where is catalase found and what is its job? 2. Why does hydrogen peroxide bubble when you put it on a wound? 3. What is a catalyst? 4. What will catalase break down hydrogen peroxide into? 5. Diagram the experiment he discusses: 6. What are you measuring (what is it telling us?) when you time how long it takes to float? 7. What could you have measured to know the rate of the reaction? (2x) 8. In your lab you are varying the concentration of the enzyme, but what other variables could the reaction be affected by? Predict how each of these variables could impact the experiment. (4x)

16 !!!Video: AP Biology Labs 04- Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis (5:42) 1. Photosynthesis is how plants use energy of the into 2. What are the two parts of photosynthesis? 3. Which chlorophyll is important? 4. Concerning pigment chromatography, what is the rf value? Give an example of how you would calculate it. 5. Why are the leaf chads put in water that contains baking soda? 6. A heat sink is a container of water that the light hits first before hitting your experimental vial/beaker. What is the importance of a heat sink? (What would happen if it wasn t there?) 7. The leaf chad will absorb 8. It will convert the H 2 O into 9. The O 2 will cause the chad to be more 10. What are the variables that can be used and what could you expect for each? 11. How are you measuring your dependent variable? 12. In the older lab, a spectrophotometer measured how fast became reduced. (It replaced the role of NADP in the plant). As it becomes reduced it changes from to

17 !!!Video: AP Biology Labs 05- Cellular Respiration (5:40) 1. What organelle do you need to do cellular respiration? 2. What are the three steps of respiration? 3. What is this lab measuring?.how do they measure it? 4. What do you use to measure it? Sketch it to the right and indicate what substances are where. 5. Why does he use KOH (potassium hydroxide)? 6. What are the three different vials/jars and what is the purpose of tube with glass beads? 7. Peas will start to consume and produce. But the carbon dioxide will bind with the KOH and precipitate out as a solid. Therefore the volume of gas in the vial decreases as oxygen is consumed. As the volume drops, water moves where? 8. Temperature fluctuations will have a huge influence on this because it effects gas volume, this is why you have a flask of 9. How do you calculate the rate of respiration? 10. Why do you think the non-germinating peas respired less?

18 !!!Video: AP Biology Supplemental, Three Domains of Life (7:30) 1. How old is the earth? 2. Where was the first life located? Why? 3. Concerning the characteristics of life: a. What is homeostasis? b. Organization: what is all life built on? c. Define metabolism: d. List the next four characteristics: 4. Why isn t a stomach alive? 5. What is LUCA? 6. Draw the Venn diagram of the three Domains and fill it in with all the information as as he does: