Pediatric Psychodermatology

Transcription

1 Health, Medicine and Human Development Pediatric Psychodermatology A Clinical Manual of Child and Adolescent Psychocutaneous Disorders Bearbeitet von Elizabeth A. Burns, Andrew Finlay, Meagan Barrett, Eulalia Baselga, Mohammad Khurshid Azam Basra, Joseph L. Calles Jr., Arthur N. Feinberg, Roland W. Freudenmann, Donald E. Greydanus, Zeba Hasan Hafeez, Misha M. Heller, Josephine L. Howard, Mohammad Jafferany, Manmohan K. Kamboj, Peter Lepping, Servando E. Marron, Ladan Mostaghimi, Jenny Murase, Dilip R. Patel, Helen Pratt, Adam Reich, Sandra Ros, Philip D. Shenefelt, Tor A. Shwayder, Jacek C. Szepietowski, Stefani Takahashi, Anam Nisar Tareen, Ruqiya Shama Tareen, Therdpong Tempark, Lucia Tomas-Aragones, Joav Merrick 1. Auflage Buch. XLVI, 596 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 1219 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Klinische und Innere Medizin > Pädiatrie, Neonatologie schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Foreword I xxiii Foreword II xxvii Preface xxix Author index xxxvii Abbreviations xli Part I: INTERFACE OF DERMATOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 1 Arthur N. Feinberg, Tor A. Shwayder, Ruqiya Shama Tareen, and Therdpong Tempark 1 Perspectives on management of pediatric dermatologic disorders Introduction Skin infections and infestations Bacterial infections Viral infections HIV/AIDS Non-infectious skin lesions Bacterial infections in HIV Viral infections in HIV Fungal infections in HIV Fungal infections Topical antifungals Infestations Dermatitis Irritant dermatitis Dry-skin dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Allergic dermatitides Idiopathic dermatitides Hypersensitivity Urticaria Drug eruptions Miscellaneous skin conditions Acne vulgaris Nevi Papulosquamous disorders Lichens Psoriasis Dermatologic manifestations of systematic disorders Pruritus without rash 52

3 viii Contents Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Less common skin manifestations Management Collagen vascular disease Lupus erythematosus (SLE) Dermatomyositis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Management Endocrinologic disorders Thyroid disorders Diabetes mellitus Adrenal disorders Management Hair and nails Alopecia areata Telogen effluvium Androgenic alopecia Trichotillomania Traction alopecia Hirsutism and hypertrichosis Hair changes with systemic disease Infection Bacterial Fungal Onychodystrophy Nail changes with systemic and nutritional disorders 65 Ruqiya Shama Tareen 2 Psychoneuroimmunology and other interactions between skin and psyche Introduction History of psychodermatology Classification of psychodermatologic disorders Psychological perspective of skin Skin, mind, and the embryological embrace Psychoneuroimmunology Neuroendocrine response to stress Immune response and central nervous system Immune response and peripheral nervous system 77

4 Contents ix Immune response and skin disease Immune response and psychiatric disease Conclusion 80 Donald E. Greydanus 3 A clinician s approach to psychocutaneous diseases in adolescents: Untying the Gordian knot Introduction History taking skills in adolescent patients Interviewing the adolescent patient Confidentiality Parental confidentiality Health questionnaires Interview techniques Active listening skills Concepts of the physical examination Successful management of the adolescent patient Informed consent Shared decision making Improving compliance Conclusion 92 Mohammad Khurshid Azam Basra 4 Quality of life issues in children and adolescents with dermatological conditions and their wider impact on the family and society Introduction Pediatric quality of life and its assessment Skin disease and quality of life Impact of skin diseases on children s quality of life Quality of life assessment in children with dermatological conditions Children s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) Infant s Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQoL) Impact of skin disease on the quality of life of adolescents Assessment of adolescents quality of life in dermatology Teenager s QoL questionnaire (T-QoL) Skindex-Teen Impact of skin disease on family quality of life: The greater patient concept Assessment of family quality in dermatology Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire (DFI) 107

5 x Contents Parents Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQoL-AD) Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS) Psoriasis Family Index (PFI) Societal impact of childhood dermatological conditions Conclusions 110 Part II: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS 117 Ruqiya Shama Tareen 5 Atopic dermatitis: a psychocutaneous review Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiologic factors in atopic dermatitis Genetic predisposition Socio-economic status Family size Food allergens Psychoneuroimmunologic factors Breast feeding Environmental allergens Psychophysiological aspects of atopic dermatitis Impact of stress on the immunological system Psychoanalytic hypothesis Biopsychosocial model Psychological dysregulation due to atopic dermatitis Clinical features Diagnosis Allergy Testing Differential Diagnosis Management Prevention of relapse Food allergens Aeroallergens Optimizing the epidermal barrier (EB) Hydration therapy Management of pruritus Topical corticosteroids Topical immunomodulators Systematic treatment of atopic dermatits Antihistamines Phototherapy 135

6 Contents xi Antibiotics Systemic corticosteroids Immunomodulators Cyclosporine Azathioprine Infliximab Interferon-γ Leukotriene inhibitors Psychiatric comorbidities Family dynamics Internalizing and externalizing behaviors Anxiety and depression Personality traits Management of psychiatric comorbidities Multidisciplinary approach Psychoeducation Psychosocial assessment Psychiatric symptoms review Quality of life assessment Psychodynamic therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Behavioral modifications Psychotropic medications Conclusion 144 Sandra Ros and Eulalia Baselga 6 Psoriasis and children: A psychological approach Introduction Epidemiology Dermatological clinical features Plaque psoriasis Guttate psoriasis Erythrodermic psoriasis Pustular psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Inverse psoriasis Psychological clinical features Differential diagnosis Psychotherapeutic intervention Psychotherapy Conclusions 159

7 xii Contents Donald E. Greydanus 7 The acnes: Acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, and acne excoriée Acne Vulgaris Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Classification Management Teratogenicity and isotretinoin Depression, suicidality, and isotretinoin Acne Rosacea Pathophysiology Management of acne rosacea Acne Variants Conclusion 187 Mohammad Jafferany 8 Psychogenic purpura (Gardner-Diamond syndrome) Introduction History Etiology and pathogenesis Clinical features Differential diagnosis Disease course Histopathology Laboratory testing Psychological disturbances Treatment approaches and recommendations Conclusion 197 Part III: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WITH DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 199 Lucia Tomas-Aragones and Servando E. Marron 9 Body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents Introduction Definition Epidemiology Clinical features Differential diagnosis Management Preliminary considerations The clinical interview 206

8 Contents xiii Assessment Patient education Treatment Other treatment techniques Anxiety management training (AMT) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Family therapy Group therapy Metaphors Mindfulness Intervention Nonpsychiatric medical treatment Final management considerations Conclusions 213 Peter Lepping and Roland W. Freudenmann 10 Delusional infestation in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood Introduction How to diagnose a delusion Primary and secondary delusional infestation The context of children and adolescence Clinical pictures Case one Case two Case Three Commentary on these three cases Delusional elaboration ( Wahnarbeit ) Prevalence of delusional infestation Treatment Which antipsychotic in DI? Antipsychotics Conclusion 232 Helen D. Pratt 11 Dermatitis artefacta, skin picking, and other self-injurious behaviors: A psychological perspective Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Clinical features Dermatitis Artefacta Skin picking 246

9 xiv Contents Self-mutilation behavior Differential diagnosis Management Pharmacological Treatment Psychotherapy Issues with Treatment Conclusions 257 Arthur N. Feinberg 12 Trichotillomania Introduction Definition Differential diagnosis Assessment Management Psychotherapy Medication Conclusions: Future directions 268 Adam Reich and Jacek C. Szepietowski 13 Psychogenic pruritus with particular emphasis on children and adolescents Introduction Epidemiology Clinical features Differential diagnosis Management Conclusion 277 Part IV: DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS PREDISPOSING TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 281 Dilip R. Patel 14 Disorders of hair loss Introduction Causes of hair loss Diagnostic approach to hair loss History Examination Laboratory investigation Tinea capitis Telogen effluvium 287

10 Contents xv 14.6 Alopecia areata Male pattern hair loss Hair Loss due to Chemotherapy Psychiatric aspects Psychological treatment approaches Conclusion 291 Dilip R. Patel 15 Disorders of skin pigmentation Introduction Disorders of hypopigmentation Vitiligo Albinism Postinflammatory hypopigmentation Pityriasis alba Tinea versicolor Disorders of hyperpigmentation Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Melasma Hyperpigmentation associated with medical disorders Café-au-lait spots Lentigines Psychological aspects of disorders of pigmentations Psychosocial management of disorders of pigmentation Conclusion 304 Ladan Mostaghimi 16 Skin adnexal disorders Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Introduction Diagnosis Etiology Clinical features Differential Diagnosis Hyperhidrosis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical features Differential diagnosis Management Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 316

11 xvi Contents Definition Epidemiology Clinical features Differential diagnosis Management Nevus sebaceous Definition Epidemiology Clinical features Differential diagnosis Management Conclusion 318 Part V: SYSTEMATIC DISEASES WITH PSYCHODERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 321 Zeba Hasan Hafeez 17 Neurocutaneous disorders Introduction Neurofibromatosis Clinical features Neuropsychiatric aspects of neurofibromatosis type Management NF1 summary Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) Introduction Clinical features of TSC Neurologic lesions Psychiatric symptoms Management Treatment of neuropsychiatric problems Conclusion 332 Manmohan K. Kamboj and Ruqiya Shama Tareen 18 Collagen vascular disorders: Psychiatric and dermatologic manifestations Lupus erythematosus (LE) Epidemiology Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) Differential diagnosis 340

12 Contents xvii Clinical diagnosis Diagnostic workup Management Treatment of cutaneous lupus lesions Treatment of NPSLE Dermatomyositis Epidemiology Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Management Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Laboratory findings Management Management of psychiatric issues 356 Manmohan K. Kamboj and Ruqiya Shama Tareen 19 Psychocutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders Introduction Diabetes Mellitus Clinical features Dermatological manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Management of psychiatric conditions Disorders of growth hormone Acromegaly Dermatological manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Diagnostic workup Clinical management Management of dermatological manifestations Management of psychiatric manifestations Thyroid hormone disorders Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Clinical features of thyroid disorders Dermatological manifestations of hypothyroidism 372

13 xviii Contents Dermatological manifestations of hyperthyroidism Psychiatric manifestations Diagnostic workup Management of hypothyroidism Management of hyperthyroidism Management of psychiatric disorders Adrenal gland disorders Hypoadrenocorticism (adrenal insufficiency [AI] or Addison disease [AD]) Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) Disorders of parathyroid glands Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Disorders of hormones of the reproductive system Androgen disorders Hypogonadism in males Androgen disorders in Females Estrogen disorders Estrogen disorders in males Estrogen disorders in females Psychiatric manifestations of disorders of androgen and estrogens Conclusion 396 Manmohan K. Kamboj and Ruqiya Shama Tareen 20 Inborn errors of metabolism with psychiatric and dermatologic features Introduction Phenylketonuria [PKU] Genetics and pathophysiology Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Laboratory diagnosis Management Hartnup disease Genetics and pathophysiology Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Laboratory findings Management Homocystinuria 410

14 Contents xix Genetics and pathophysiology Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric Manifestations Management Porphyrias Genetics and prevalence Clinical features Cutaneous manifestations Psychiatric manifestations Laboratory diagnosis Management Conclusion 416 Part VI: SPECIAL ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOCUTANEOUS DISORDERS 421 Joseph L. Calles 21 Psychiatric complications of dermatological treatments Introduction Epidemiology Clinical features by medication category Antibacterial agents Antiviral agents Corticosteroids Dapsone Antimalarial agents Retinoids Interferons Other agents Differential diagnosis Management Drug drug interactions Non-pharmacologic interventions Conclusion 430 Misha M. Heller, Meagan Barrett, Stefani Takahashi, Jenny Murase, and Josephine L. Howard 22 Dermatologic manifestations of psychotropic medications Introduction Epidemiology Diagnosis 434

15 xx Contents 22.3 Pathogenesis Categories Common adverse cutaneous reactions Pruritus Exanthematous eruptions Urticaria and angioedema Fixed drug eruptions Photosensitivity Pigmentation Diaphoresis Alopecia Serious and life-threatening cutaneous reactions Erythema multiforme Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermolysis Necrolysis Drug hypersensitivity syndrome Vasculitis Exfoliative dermatitis Anaphylactoid reactions General dermatologic conditions Acneiform eruptions Psoriasiform eruption Seborrheic eruption Lichenoid eruption Conclusion 458 Philip D. Shenefelt 23 Non-pharmacological approaches to treat psychocutaneous disorders Introduction Non-pharmacological modalities Acupuncture Aromatherapy Biofeedback Brief dynamic psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy methods Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) Eye Movement Desensitizing and Reprocessing (EMDR) Hypnosis Music Placebo Suggestion Conclusion 467

16 Contents xxi Ruqiya Shama Tareen and Anam Nisar Tareen 24 Psychiatric disorders frequently encountered in dermatology practices Introduction Epidemiology Mood disorders Epidemiology Diagnosis of depressive disorders Differential diagnosis of depressive disorders Management of depressive disorders Bipolar spectrum disorders Types of bipolar disorders Diagnosis of bipolar disorders Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorders Anxiety spectrum disorders Obsessive compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder (SAD) Eating disorders Personality disorders (PDs) Introduction Clinical diagnosis Conclusion 498 APPENDIX About the editors FDA approved psychotropic medication indications for children and adolescents Common psychiatric terms 509 Mohammad Jafferany 28 Common dermatotologic lesions 513 Index 519 Plate section 527