Carbon-based molecule showcase:

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2 Carbon-based molecule showcase: Beignet (pronounced ben-yay)-celtic word bigne meaning "to raise." It is also French for "fritter." Beignets, a New Orleans specialty, are fried, raised pieces of yeast dough, usually about 2 inches in diameter or 2 inches square. After being fried, they are sprinkled with sugar or coated with various icings. Beignets are like a sweet doughnut, but the beignet is square shaped and without a hole. When you hear people in New Orleans say, "Goin' fo' coffee an' doughnuts," they mean coffee and beignets.

3 Macromolecules/Compounds Organic compound foldable-in groups of 4, go to each person in the group will choose one macromolecule (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid) to research for the foldable and then share that information with the group. Use your time wisely, you only have 20 minutes!

4 Macromolecules/Compounds Large molecules or compounds There are 4 different types of macromolecule compounds in living things: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are organic compounds

5 C is for carbon Organic means: molecule that contains Carbon and is found in living cells and tissue. Natural farming and natural products are not organic compounds, although they are most likely made of them if they are a food product.

6 1. Protein Molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids linked together in a particular order specified by a gene's DNA sequence. Proteins are the major structural component/part of all body tissue; necessary for muscular growth and cellular repair, movement, vision, and digestion.

7 Example: Amylase enzyme breaks down starch Proteins perform a wide variety of functions in the cell; these include serving as enzymes, structural components, or signaling molecules like hormones. Describe the structure: proteins.html dxi4ob2o4&feature=related

8 a. Amino acids Building blocks or monomers of protein 20 amino acids are commonly found in animals and humans. Your cells can make 12 of the required 20 amino acids, the rest need to come from food! *Think: What does the word monomer mean? (Each bead of the necklace below is a single amino acid)

9 a. Amino acids A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two amino acids. All amino acids have the same structure except for one group, called the R group. The basic structure that all amino acids share-the carboxyl group (COOH) and the (H2N) amine group R Fig. Basic shape of one single amino acid

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11 b. Protein structure: Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides (up to about 50 amino acid combinations from the 20 available). Proteins are polypeptides of more than 50 amino acids- Example of protein: the egg white called albumin. All proteins are polypeptides, but not all polypeptides are protein!

12 b.protein structure- The sequence or order of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function are determined by the genetic code and assembled by RNA. -primary structure is the order of amino acids -secondary structure is the shape of the polypeptide-alpha helix or beta sheet -tertiary contains both helix s and beta sheets -quaternary is more than one polypeptide chain b2o4&feature=related

13 2. Lipids Animal or plant fat substances that are not soluble in water (non-polar). Lipids are used for long-term energy storage, insulation, padding, membranes, vitamin absorption (A, D, K, E), steroid messengers/hormones like testosterone. Long chains of fatty acids Fig. Basic shape of one fatty acid is represented by one tail of phospholipid

14 2. Lipids continued Characteristics of fats a. Saturated fats contain the maximum number of Hydrogen bonds. Example: butter which is solid at room temperature. b. Unsaturated fat oils contain carbon=carbon double bonds. These are liquid at room temperature and generally come from plant products. c. Polyunsaturated oils have many health benefits. Specifically, Omega-3 fatty acids can improve heart health and vision. -Sources of healthy omega-3 s include: fatty fish like salmon, nuts, beans, seeds like kidney beans, vegetable oils like olive oil, fruits and vegetables like spinach.

15 3. C is for Carbohydrates Organic compounds from plants, including sugars, starches and fiber, that are a major source of energy for animals. Function in energy storage, energy transport, and plant structure. Include simple carbohydrates (sugar, fruit) and complex carbohydrates (vegetables, starches). Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

16 3. Carbohydrates Saccharides a. The chemical term for carbohydrates: saccharide b. Names for sugars end in ose. Example: a single sugar monomer is called a monosaccharide and one name for a particular monosaccharide is glucose. c) Two sugars combined: di saccharide. Example: Sucrose or table sugar is a disaccharide made of fructose + glucose. d) Many sugars in a polymer chain: polysaccharides like starches (potato) and cellulose (cell walls) * Draw the monosaccharide, glucose, as a hexagon (C6H12O6) Fig. 1 Whole polymer of starch Fig. 2 Basic shape of one single glucose

17 Cellulose

18 4. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Long polymer chains nucleotides, that perform important functions in the cell; two kinds of nucleic acids function in the cell are DNA and RNA. The individual monomer nucleotides of DNA are thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine. Fig. 1 Whole Nucleic Acid Fig. 2 Basic structure of one single, nucleotide

19 a. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid The hereditary material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information. Stores detailed instructions that encode proteins. Proteins are necessary for enzyme/metabolism, cell structure, cell reproduction and other functions.

20 b. RNA Ribonucleic acid - A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA.

21 ATP Adenosine tri-phosphate. A high energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. - It is the single most important molecule in all living things since it serves as the currency for energy in biological systems.

22 ATP is a molecule which consists of the nitrogenous base adenine linked to the sugar ribose and which has a chain of three phosphate groups attached to the ribose in a linear fashion. - energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed (looses a phosphate) into ADP.

23 Inorganic molecules Molecules other than organic molecules. Inorganic molecules are generally simple and are not normally found in living things. Although all organic substances contain carbon, some substances containing carbon, such as diamonds, are considered inorganic.

24 Although these are some inorganic molecules that are bodies use: Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide