Comes to Life. Homeostasis: role of the cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems. Biology Student Activities. Activity A:

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1 Biology Student Activities Comes to Life Homeostasis: role of the cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems The blood, circulatory, respiratory and renal systems have critical roles to play in maintaining homeostasis. They provide cells with nutrients and oxygen (O 2 ) required for metabolic processes, whilst also playing important roles in the removal of metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogenous waste. By using equipment from the UNE biomedical science laboratory, you will be able to identify the body s physiological responses to exercise and consider why these changes occur. You will have the opportunity to participate in a number of tests, including vertical jump performance, maximal aerobic uptake (VO 2 max), and maximal power. Each of these tests has been included to assist in your understanding of the human body, see how you stack up against your friends, whilst also having a bit of fun! Activity A: What impact does homeostasis have on my breath concentration? Oxygen is important for ATP production in the human body, whilst carbon dioxide is a waste product and must be removed. This activity is designed to demonstrate how breath concentration varies before and after high-intensity exercise, and also indicate the importance of O 2 and CO 2 in the body. IMPORTANT: If you wish to complete the 30-second exercise test, you must complete the Adult Pre-Exercise Screening Tool. Follow the instructions from the UNE staff member and complete the table below: Before Exercise After Exercise Heart Rate O 2 % Saturation CO 2 % Concentration (Breath) O 2 % Concentration (Breath) School of Science and Technology

Activity A continued: Bike Running Power Peak (W) Split 1 m/s Power Peak/Weight (W/kg)* Split 2 m/s Power Average (W) Split 3 m/s Power/Mass (W/kg) Total Distance m * Power Peak/Weight (W/kg)= Power

2 Activity A continued: Bike Running Power Peak (W) Split 1 m/s Power Peak/Weight (W/kg)* Split 2 m/s Power Average (W) Split 3 m/s Power/Mass (W/kg) Total Distance m * Power Peak/Weight (W/kg)= Power Peak divided by Weight How did your peak velocity compare to Usain Bolt who was recorded at 12.4 m/s (approx 45 km/hr) between the 60th and 80th meter in the 2009 World Championships? How do you compare: to the Number 1 Draft athlete from the National Hockey League (NHL) who achieved a Power Peak/Weight of 15.6 watts/kg? Question 1. What happened to the concentrations of O 2 and CO 2 in breath before and after the completion of exercise? Use this information to identify which gas is valuable to the body, and which is a waste product which needs to be removed? Question 2. What is the role of a negative feedback loop in controlling the concentration of CO 2 and H + in the blood? With the help of your, teacher, friends and the UNE staff member complete the table below, with reference to the homeostatic mechanism controlling CO 2 concentration in blood (fill out as much as you can) Stimulus Receptor organ - detects change Coordinating organ - eg hypothalamus Effector organs - bring about change Response Increased CO 2 and [H + ] Decreased CO 2 and [H + ] Question 3. Why must CO 2 be removed from the body, and why does this become even more important during high-intensity exercise? What occurs to performance if CO 2 is not removed from the body quickly enough?

3 Activity B: How are nutrients/gases transported in the body, and how is core temperature controlled during long duration exercise? Oxygen is important for all processes occurring in the human body, in particular for ATP production. Sports scientists use maximal aerobic uptake (VO 2 max) testing to determine fitness of an athlete. Your job is to collect data for one of your class mates completing a VO 2 max test, and identify what the data is saying about the roles of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. You will also need to keep in mind how the body attempts to control body temperature during high-intensity exercise. 4. Complete the equation to demonstrate the importance of O 2 and CO 2 in the body: Glucose + Water + + ATP Record the results from the VO 2 max test in the table below. If time permits, complete the graph: Watts/Speed Oxygen Uptake (VO 2 ) CO 2 % of Breath Heart Rate How does your classmate compare: to the highest ever recorded VO 2 max of 92mL/kg/min?

Complete the table, by choosing from the following options (1): (Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogenous waste, water, fats, salts, products of digestion) Substance What it is carried by.

4 Complete the table, by choosing from the following options (1): (Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogenous waste, water, fats, salts, products of digestion) Substance What it is carried by... Coordinating organ - eg hypothalamus Red blood cells Oxyhaemoglobin Red blood cells Mostly as bicarbonate ions, with a small percentage dissolved directly in plasma Carbamate (combination of CO 2 and haemoglobin) Water molecules Ions Chylomicron (a package of digested lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol wrapped in protein) Mostly urea Whole molecules: eg glucose 5. Draw an arrow to demonstrate how substances (including O 2 and CO 2 ) follow a concentration gradient: LOW HIGH

5 Complete the table from the following options (kidney, small intestine, lungs, and other body tissues) (1) : Tissue Main change Removal of CO 2 ; Oxygenation of blood Deoxygenation of blood; removal of glucose; increase in carbon dioxide Removal of nitrogenous waste Increase in digestive products (ie glucose) Question 6. How do concentration gradients for CO 2, O 2 and glucose change in exercising muscle cells? Why does this emphasise the importance of exercise in diabetic patients? Prolonged exercise causes an increase in core temperature. Can you complete the following table, demonstrating the role of the homeostatic control mechanism under prolonged exercise? (1) Stimulus Receptor organ - detects change Increase in core temperature Coordinating organ Effector organs - bring about change Response 7. During prolonged exercise, the body attempts to control body temperature by sweating, and vasodilating blood vessels near the skin allowing for heat transfer to the external environment. Why might athletes performing prolonged exercise in hot environments show signs of fatigue earlier than during competitions in cooler environments? Activity C: What is the role of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in the human body? Water and electrolyte balance is a critical consideration for the body to maintain homeostasis. If the correct concentration of electrolytes is not maintained, individual cells may swell and shrink and have a negative impact on processes occurring in the human body. The kidney has a very important role in maintaining the correct fluid/electrolyte balance. The goal of this activity is to review kidney function, and consider how the hormones aldosterone and ADH impact on fluid electrolyte balance during exercise. You will need to follow instructions from the UNE staff member, complete 1 minute worth of vertical jumps on the specialised jump mate, before entering your results into the computer program which will reflect on your kidney function. It is important to know that these results are only hypothetical, designed to help you learn in a fun and interactive way! Complete the following table to identify the main metabolic waste products and how they are excreted (1) : Metabolic Waste Product Excreted in... Carbon dioxide Excess water Excess salts Nitrogenous waste (urea, ammonia, uric acid)

Question 8. What is the primary role of the kidney and what is the name of the functional unit of the kidney? Question 9. Briefly outline each of the three stages of nephron function?

6 Question 8. What is the primary role of the kidney and what is the name of the functional unit of the kidney? Question 9. Briefly outline each of the three stages of nephron function? Filtration: Reabsorption: Secretion: Complete the jump protocol according to instructions from the UNE staff member and fill out the table using the autogenerated results from the central computer: JUMP PERFORMANCE TABLE Jump # Watts Jump # Height (cm) Average Jump Power = Watts Person Average Jump Power (watts) Sweat volume (ml) ADH Conc. (mmol/l) Aldosterone Conc. (mmol/l) % Reabsorb Volume urine (ml) Urine Conc. (mmol/l) Blood Vol (ml) Blood Pressure (mm/hg) A B C D

7 How did your best vertical jump score compare to the Number 1 Draft Athlete in the National Hockey League (NHL) who achieved a score of 83 cm? What is the impact of the hormone on nephron function? Aldosterone- ADH- Question 10. Performing high-intensity exercise for long periods of time causes sweating and results in a loss of blood volume. How would this impact upon the release of aldosterone and ADH, and what impact would it have on kidney function? (Feel free to draw a diagram to represent this process)

8 Glossary: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): energy source for all muscular contractions in the human body. Without ATP, we cannot live, let alone exercise! Carbonic Acid (H 2 CO 3 ): forms when CO 2 combines with H 2 O, causing acidity of blood Cellular respiration: process where the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose, are converted into ATP Glucose + Oxygen Water + ATP Carbon Dioxide + Rate of ATP production: increases with increasing exercise intensity Aerobic ATP production: occurs more slowly than anaerobic, but can be sustained for long periods. Oxygen must be present for aerobic ATP production to occur. Waste product: produced during ATP production, and has a negative effect on athlete performance. Examples include carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste and lactic acid. Reference: Jeffery, C. and Ross, P. (2007) NSW BIOLOGY- Maintaining a balance, Macmillan Education Australia, South Yarra, Australia. School of Science and Technology Produced by Marketing and Public Affairs UNE, April Information correct at time of printing. CRICOS Provider No G.

Vertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis

Vertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis PDHPE Student Activities Comes to Life Energy Systems and Athlete Performance Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to