Topic 1: Chemistry of Living Things

Transcription

1 1. Some processes that occur in a cell are listed below.1 utilize energy 2 detect changes in the environment 3 rearrange and synthesize chemical compounds 4. The diagram below represents a sequence of events that occurs in the human body throughout the day. Which of these processes will all living organisms use to maintain homeostasis? (1) A and B, only (2) B and C, only (3) C and A, only (4) A, B, and C 2. Sweating is a process that helps cool the body during strenuous exercise. This is an example of (1) recycling of gases (2) cellular respiration (3) gene malfunction (4) maintaining homeostasis 3. The graph below shows changes in the level of glucose in the blood of a person over a period of time. These events can best be described as an example of (1) an energy cycle (2) recycling of inorganic materials (3) a feedback mechanism (4) a learned behavior 5. Homeostasis is maintained in a single-celled organism by the interaction of (1) organs (2) systems (3) tissues (4) organelles 6. The disease known as malaria may result in a fever, a decrease in red blood cells, and an enlarged liver and spleen. These symptoms are evidence of The graph represents the (1) maintenance of dynamic equilibrium (2) failure of homeostasis (3) reaction of white blood cells to a pathogen (4) oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (1) a disruption of homeostasis (2) a decrease in allergic reactions (3) an increased number of cell organelles (4) hormone destruction 7. As a result of their metabolic activities, many organisms produce harmful substances. These substances are eliminated by the process of (1) ingestion (2) secretion (3) pinocytosis (4) excretion Page 1

2 8. The ability to grow in size is a characteristic of living organisms. Although an icicle may grow in size over time, it is considered nonliving because there is (1) an increase in matter, but no increase in the number of icicles (2) an interaction between the icicle and the environment (3) no way for the icicle to move away from heat (4) no metabolic activity present 9. Nutrition involves those activities by which organisms (1) synthesize large molecules from smaller molecules (2) obtain and process materials needed for other activities (3) exchange gases with their environment (4) absorb and circulate materials 10.Which of the following organelles carry out cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. (1) Mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively (2) Nucleus and chloroplasts, respectively (3) The cell membrane and mitochondria, respectively (4) The cell membrane and the nucleus 11. Which row in the chart below contains correct information concerning synthesis? 12. The cytoplasm in a single-celled organism and the circulatory system in a human both (1) break down molecules into smaller components (2) release energy to be used by the organism (3) transport substances throughout the organism (4) distribute blood to all of the parts of the organism 13. Two organisms are represented below, an amoeba and a hummingbird. Which statement concerning organism A and organism B is correct? (1) Organism A contains cells while organism B lacks cells. (2) Organism A and organism B have the same organs. (3) Organism A and organism B have structures that allow them to maintain homeostasis. (4) Organism A lacks structures that maintain homeostasis, while organism B has these structures. 14. Most of the chemical reactions occurring in a living cell depend on the presence of an inorganic compound known as (1) glycerol (2) glycogen (3) maltose (4) water (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 Page 2

3 15. The list below includes three organ systems that are directly used when a human runs. 17. The diagram below represents a biological process circulatory system muscular system (1) immune system (2) reproductive system (3) digestive system (4) nervous system skeletal system Which system should also be included in the list? 16. Rabbits have evolved strategies that get them through periods of time when there is little food. The diagram below represents essential life functions that rabbits need to perform. Which set of molecules is best represented by letters A and B? (1) A: oxygen and water B: glucose (2) A: glucose B: carbon dioxide and water (3) A: carbon dioxide and water B: glucose (4) A: glucose B: oxygen and water 18. Which term best defines a bacteria that can survive without oxygen? (1) aerobic (2) anaerobic (3) heterotrophic (4) saprophytic 19. The action of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle most directly aids in the (1) synthesis of proteins from nitrates (2) removal of nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere (3) restoration of nitrogen compounds to the soil (4) fixation of atmospheric nitrogen Which life function in the diagram could be eliminated without affecting an individual rabbit's ability to survive when food is scarce? (1) digestion (2) excretion (3) circulation (4) reproduction 20. Compound X increases the rate of the reaction shown below. Compound X is most likely (1) an enzyme (2) a lipid molecule (3) an indicator (4) an ADP molecule Page 3

4 Base your answers to questions 21 and 22 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. When humans perspire, water, urea, and salts containing sodium are removed from the blood. Drinking water during extended periods of physical exercise replenishes the water but not the sodium. This increase in water dilutes the blood and may result in the concentration of sodium dropping low enough to cause a condition known as hyponatremia. Symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, nausea, and lack of coordination. Left untreated, it can lead to coma and even death. The body has a variety of feedback mechanisms that assist in regulating water and sodium concentrations in the blood. The kidneys play a major role in these mechanisms, as they filter the blood and produce urine. 21. Many runners pour water on their bodies during a race. Explain how this action helps to maintain homeostasis. 22. How would running in a marathon on a warm day most likely affect urine production? Support your answer. Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The arrow below each lettered process indicates where the process takes place. 23. What is Process A called? (1) photosynthesis (2) fermentation (3) dehydration synthesis (4) aerobic respiration 24. Glucose is a product of (1) process A, only (2) process B, only (3) process B and process C (4) process A and process C Page 4

5 25. The diagram below represents a cycling of materials. 27. Which condition is necessary for enzymes and hormones to function properly in the human body? (1) These chemicals must have a specific shape. (2) These chemicals must be able to replicate. (3) Body temperature must be above 40 C. (4) Body ph must be above 10. Which row in the chart below shows the substances represented by X and Y? (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) The diagram below represents two molecules that can interact with each other to cause a biochemical process to occur in a cell. What pair of molecules would Molecules A and B most likely represent? (1) a protein and a chromosome (2) a receptor and a hormone (3) a carbohydrate and an amino acid (4) an antibody and a hormone Page 5

6 Base your answers to questions 28 through 30 on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The ph of the internal environment of lysosomes (organelles that contain digestive enzymes) is approximately 4.5, while the ph of the surrounding cytoplasm is approximately 7. The average ph of the human stomach during digestion is approximately 2.5, while the average ph of the small intestine during digestion is about 8. The graph below shows how ph affects the enzyme activity of four different enzymes, A, B, C, and D. 28. Lysosomes break open during the process of digestion, releasing enzymes into the cytoplasm. Which statement may explain why the entire cell may not he digested? (1) The acidic environment of the cytoplasm destroys the enzymes. (2) Antibodies in the cytoplasm break down foreign enzymes. (3) The ph of the cytoplasm causes the enzymes to function less effectively. (4) Enzymes can function only in the location where they are synthesized. 29. Which enzyme functions best in a ph environment most similar to that of human stomach enzymes? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Page 6

7 30. What will most likely happen to the action of an enzyme from the small intestine if it is placed in an environment similar to the environment in which enzyme C functions best? (1) It would no longer be able to function because the environment is too acidic. (2) It would adapt to the new environment and start carrying out the same function as enzyme (3) It would continue to function because it is able to modify the ph of the environment. (4) It would be able to function because the ph of the environment is similar to that of the intestine. Page 7