GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Using a light microscope
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1 GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Using a light microscope To find out what cells look like and see how big they are and see how they work. - Make sure you can use and rearrange the equa0on - Make sure you know the units: 1mm = 1000um 1um = 1000nm - You may need a ruler to measure the size of images and work out their real size. - Explain why we can see the nucleus and cell wall but not the mitochondria (they re far too small and not stained) - How can we see smaller parts of cells? (An electron microscope has much more resolu7on and magnifica7on) - Use a stain to make things visble (cell wall, nucleus). - Get the specimen as flat and thin as possible. - Start on the smallest lens, focus, then move up a lens. - a ruler, or eyepiece scale can be used to measure size - Use the equa0on: Magnifica0on = image size actual object size
2 GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Investigating Osmosis Osmosis: the movement of water from an area with high concentra0on OF WATER, to an area with lower concentra0on OF WATER. Solute: something that dissolves in water To find out what happens to cells when you put them in different concentra0ons of sugar or salt solu0ons. (to see how the water moves in or out of the plant 0ssue) - High concentra0on of sugar in solu0on = water moves out of potato cells into the solu0on. Potato gets smaller. - Low concentra0on of sugar in solu0on = water moves into the potato cells from the solu0on. Potato gets bigger. - Different concentra0ons of sugar (or salt) - Measure the length (or mass) of the potato cylinders before and awer. - If no water goes in or out of the potato overall and it doesn t change mass, then the solu0on is exactly the same concentra0on as inside the potato - Control variables - Accuracy of measurements why should you remove excess water with paper towel before weighing - Use a graph of results to find the concentra0on inside the potato cells - Why can the water, but not the sugar/salt move through the membrane?
3 GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Food Tests To find out if sugars, starch and/or proteins are in certain foods. and results - Qualita0ve test (tell you just yes/no) vs Quan0ta0ve (tells you how much) tests. - Sources of error how could you make mistakes? - Why is it hard to judge colour change accurately? - Resolu0on of measurements, repeatability, reproducibility etc.
4 GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Investigating amylase enzyme Enzyme: a biological catalyst. Speeds up reac0ons in the body by lowering the ac0va0on energy. ph: how acidic or alkali a substance is (1 = strong acid, 7=neutral, 14 = strong alkali) Amylase: an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar To find out what happens to the rate of enzyme ac0vity when the ph changes. - At low ph and high ph, the iodine keeps turning black because the enzyme has been denatured. - AWer just a few minutes at ph 7-9, the iodine stays brown the starch has all broken down into sugar. - Starch reacts with amylase in a water bath - Take samples from the mixture every 30 seconds and add it to iodine - Iodine goes black = starch present - Iodine stays brown = no starch present (it s reacted) - Why do you need a water bath? (To maintain the correct temperature, because temperature affects reac7on rate) - If you test at ph 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10, Why don t we know the exact op0mum ph? (because although two answers may both show quick reac7ons (e.g. ph7 and ph8), the actual op7mum could be between those number (e.g. ph 7.6) so you need to test different ph s to find out the exact op7mum. - Sources of error and weaknesses e.g. in measuring, star0ng and stopping 0mers etc
5 GCSE Required Practical Biology 1 Light and Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: when plants use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose (and oxygen). Happens in the chloroplast and needs light to happen. To find out what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when we change the light intensity - The closer the lamp, the quicker the bubbles are produced (so higher rate of photosynthesis) - Why results may be inaccurate (difficult to count very small bubbles, each bubble counts as 1 no maker how big it is) - Why should you leave the plant for a few minutes before star0ng to count bubbles (as it takes 7me for the plant to adjust to the light/temperature and for photosynthesis to reach the correct rate). - Heat from the lamp is a source of error, how could you avoid this? (Place a glass screen in front of the beaker so that light gets through but heat doesn t) - What are the other limi0ng factors apart from light? Why will rate of photosynthesis level off, even with maximum light? (The plant also needs enough temperature and CO 2 )
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