To be able to answer a question

Transcription

1 1. State Problem or question 2. Gather information 3. State a hypothesis 4. Conduct Experiment 5. Observe, collect, & analyze data 6. State a conclusion7. Repeat many times Observation =Recognizing a FACT to gather information about the world Observations require the use of your 5 senses. Inference: a possible explanation or guess about an observation Based on past experiences and knowledge To be able to answer a question Independent Variable (X-axis) The factor that the researcher wants to test! - ex. Amount of exercise 2. Dependent Variable (Y-axis) depends on the original variable, is measured during data collection Experimental Group: receives the treatment being tested (ex. participants that DO exercise) Control Group: does NOT receive the treatment tested (may receive a placebo), to be used as a comparison / baseline Many trials Large sample size A control group (most, not all can) Other researchers are able to repeat it! Only tests 1 independent variable at a time (everything else remains constant!) Process of extracting energy from the food we eat. Control and coordination of body activity. Homeostasis

2 required by all living things to pass on genetic information The absorbing and distribution of materials in biology. All living things break down food to get nutrients out of it. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestine and distributed throughout the body All things must grow from original form. Cells will divide to cause growth in organisms. Gets rid of carbon dioxide, water, and other harmful substances from your body. Removes waste from respiration Building molecules from small building blocks Homeostasis is the bodies way of any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available. *Just explain any two life processes and how they keep the body working* Cells are the basic unit of life. Cells are the basic structural and organizational unit of life. Cells derive from pre-existing cells. Where did the first cell come from? Viruses have a non-cellular structure and can only REPRODUCE within a host cell Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their own DNA can reproduce within a cell

3 Prokarotic cells have no nucleus Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

4 Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Scanning because it allows you to see the most field of view It could break the microscope because the coarse adjustment will raise the stage towards the lens Composed of lipids and proteins. Hydrophilic heads face the environment around the cell, and hydrophobic tails face towards each other Glucose Water Starch Proteins

5 Water diffuses equally in and out of the cell This means there are more solutes inside the cell and water will rush into the cell and cause it to burst There is a solution (salt) added to the outside of the cell which causes water to diffuse out of the cell and shrivel Sodium potassium pump Endocytosis Exocytosis Active transport requires energy where as passive transport does not Passive transport moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration whereas active transport moves from low concentration to high Glucose Starch Water iodine

6 Iodine- we added it to the solution around the "cell" and observed the "cell" turn black in the prescence of starch Benedicts solution once added to a solution it must be heated. When testing positive for glucose the solution goes from blue to orange Have a combination of Carbon (C) & Hydrogen (H) Contain high-energy bonds 4 major organic compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids,Proteins, Nucleic acids Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and 2:1 H:O ratio Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

7 Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic acid Simple Sugars Amino Acids 3 fatty acids and a glycerol Nucleotide Glucose Hormones Fats, oils DNA, RNA Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions in living cells (speed them up!) It typically ends in "ase" States that only one small part of the enzyme molecule (active site) can form a complex with the substrate Only a specific substrate can bond in that site (like only a specific key can open a lock Temperature : Below optimal= slow above= denatured Enzymes function best at a specific ph level Most work best at neutral ph of 7 however, some vary: Ex. Pepsin in stomach = ph 3-4 (acidic) More enzyme present increases enzyme activity to a certain point and then levels off More substrate present increases enzyme activity to a certain point and then levels off 7 37 Protein It will be unable to bind with its specific substrate because the active site will be denatured/ destroyed Enzymes have a specific active site that binds to a specific substrate