DOWNLOAD PDF BONES AND THE AXIAL SKELETON : THE ESSENTIALS OF THE LANGUAGE OF ORTHOPEDICS

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1 Chapter 1 : Anatomy of the Spine Blausen Medical Start studying Chapter 4: The Skeletal System. The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Behind the frontal bone are the two parietal bones. Parietal bones form the roof of the cranium and curve down to form the sides of the cranium. Also forming the sides of the cranium are the two temporal bones, located behind the eyes. Each temporal bone encloses the cochlea and labyrinth of the inner ear, and the ossicles, three tiny bones of the middle ear which are not part of the cranium. The ossicles are the malleus hammer, incus anvil, and stapes stirrups. The temporal bones also attach to the lower jaw, and this is the only moveable joint in the skull. Between the temporal bones is the irregular shaped sphenoid bone, which provides protection for the pituitary gland. The small ethmoid bone forms part of the eye socket next to the nose. Olfactory nerves, or sense of smell nerves, pass through the ethmoid bone on their way to the brain. Forming the base and rear of the cranium is the occipital bone. The occipital bone has a hole, called the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord passes and connects to the brain. Fourteen bones shape the cheeks, eyes, nose, and mouth. The zygomatic bones form the cheeks and part of the eye sockets. Two bones fuse to form the maxillae, the upper jaw of the mouth. These bones also form the hard palate of the mouth. The mandible forms the lower jaw of the mouth and is moveable, enabling chewing of food and speech. The mandible is the bone which connects to the temporal bones. Located behind these facial bones are other bones which shape the interior portions of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Technically, the hyoid bone is not part of the skull but it is often included with the skull bones. It provides an attachment site for the tongue and some neck muscles. Several of the facial and cranial bones contain sinuses, or cavities, that connect to the nasal cavity and drain into it. These are the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillae bones, all located near the nose. Painful sinus headaches result from the build up of pressure in these cavities. Membranes that line these cavities may secrete mucus or become infected, causing additional aggravation for humans. The skull rests atop of the spine, which encases and protects the spinal cord. The spine, also called the vertebral column or backbone, consists of 33 stacked vertebrae, the lower ones fused. Vertebra are flat with two main features. The main oval shaped, bony mass of the vertebra is called the centrum. From the centrum arises a bony ring called the neural arch which forms the neural canal also called a vertebral foramen, a hole for the spinal cord to pass through. Short, bony projections neural spines arise from the neural arch and provide attachment points for muscles. Some of these projections called transverse processes also provide attachment points for the ribs. There are also small openings in the neural arch for the spinal nerves, which extend from the spinal cord throughout the body. Injury to the column of vertebrae may cause serious damage to the spinal cord and the spinal nerves, and could result in paralysis if the spinal cord or nerves are severed. There are seven cervical, or neck, vertebrae. The first one, the atlas, supports the skull and allows the head to nod up and down. The atlas forms a condylar joint a type of synovial joint with the occipital bone of the skull. The second vertebra, the axis, allows the head to rotate from side to side. This rotating synovial joint is called a pivot joint. Together, these two vertebrae make possible a wide range of head motions. Below the cervical vertebrae are the 12 thoracic, or upper back, vertebrae. The ribs are attached to these vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae are followed by five lumbar, or lower back, vertebrae. Last is the sacrum, composed of five fused vertebrae, and the coccyx, or tail bone, composed of four fused bones. The vertebral column helps to support the weight of the body and protects the spinal cord. Cartilaginous joints rather than synovial joints occur in the spine. Disks of cartilage lie between the bony vertebrae of the back and provide cushioning, like shock absorbers. The vertebrae of the spine are capable of only limited movement, such bending and some twisting. A pair of ribs extends forward from each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, for a total of 24 ribs. Occasionally, a person is born with an extra set of ribs. The joint between the ribs and vertebrae is a gliding or plane joint, a type of synovial joint, as ribs do move, expanding and contracting with breathing. Most of the ribs the first seven pair attach in the front of the Page 1

2 body via cartilage to the long, flat breastbone, or sternum. These ribs are called true ribs. The next three pair of ribs are false ribs. False ribs attach to another rib in front instead of the sternum, and are connected by cartilage. The lower two pair of ribs which do not attach anteriorly are called floating ribs. The rib cage also provides attachment points for connective tissue, to help hold organs in place. In adult humans, the sternum also produces red blood cells as well as providing an attachment site for ribs. The appendicular skeleton joins with the axial skeleton at the shoulders and hips. Forming a loose attachment with the sternum is the pectoral girdle, or shoulder. Two bones, the clavicle collar bone and scapula shoulder blade, form one shoulder. The scapula rests on top of the ribs in the back of the body. It connects to the clavicle, the bone that attaches the entire shoulder structure to the skeleton at the sternum. The clavicle is a slender bone that is easily broken. Because the scapula is so loosely attached, it is easily dislocated from the clavicle, hence the dislocated shoulder injuries commonly suffered by persons playing sports. The major advantage to the loose attachment of the pectoral girdle is that it allows for a wide range of shoulder motions and greater overall freedom of movement. Unlike the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, or hips, is strong and dense. Each hip, left and right, consists of three fused bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubic. Collectively, these three bones are known as the innominate bone. The innominates fuse with the sacrum to form the pelvic girdle. Specifically, the iliums shape the hips and the two ischial bones support the body when a person sits. The two pubic bones meet anteriorly at a cartilaginous joint. The pelvic girdle is bowl-shaped, with an opening at the bottom. In a pregnant woman, this bony opening is a passageway through which her baby must pass during birth. In addition, the pelvic girdle of women is generally wider than that of men. This also helps to facilitate birth, but is a slight impediment for walking and running. Hence, men, with their narrower hips, are better adapted for such activities. The pelvic girdle protects the lower abdominal organs, such as the intestines, and helps supports the weight of the body above it. The arms and legs, the upper and lower appendages of the body, are very similar in form. Each attaches to the girdle, pectoral or pelvic, via a ball and socket joint, a special type of synovial joint. In the shoulder, the socket, called the glenoid cavity, is shallow. The shallowness of the glenoid cavity allows for great freedom of movement. The hip socket, or acetabulum, is larger and deeper. This deep socket, combined with the rigid and massive structure of the hips, give the legs much less mobility and flexibility than the arms. The humerus, or upper arm bone, is the long bone between the elbow and the shoulder. It connects the arm to the pectoral girdle. In the leg the femur, or thigh bone, is the long bone between the knee and hip which connects the leg to the pelvic girdle. The humerus and femur are sturdy bones, especially the femur, which is a weight bearing bone. Since the arms and legs are jointed, the humerus and femur are connected to other bones at the end opposite the ball and socket joint. In the elbow, this second joint is a type of synovial joint called a hinge joint. Two types of synovial joints occur in the knee region, a condylar joint like the condylar joint in the first vertebra which connects the leg bones, and a plane, or gliding joint, between the patella knee cap and femur. At the elbow the humerus attaches to a set of parallel bones, the ulna and radius, bones of the forearm. The radius is the bone below the thumb that rotates when the hand is turned over and back. The ulna and radius then attach to the carpel bones of the wrist. Eight small carpel bones make up the wrist and connect to the hand. The hand is made up of five long, slender metacarpal bones the palms and 14 phalanges of the hand fingers and thumb. Some phalanges form joints with each other, giving the human hand great dexterity. Similarly, in the leg, the femur forms a joint with the patella and with the fibula and tibia bones of the lower leg. The tibia, or shin bone, is larger than the fibula and forms the joint behind the patella with the femur. Like the femur, the tibia is also a weight bearing bone. Page 2

3 Chapter 2 : Fun Skeleton & Bones Facts for Kids - Information about the Human Skeletal System The only bone in the moveable skull and forms a joint just in front of each ear with the temporal bone. Maxillary bones Facial bones that form the immoveable upper jaw, the inferior edges of the eye sockets, and the anterior part of the hard palate. End-of-Book Exercises Appendix B: Word Parts Appendix C: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Appendix E: Essentials of Medical Language Authors: Allan, David, Lockyer, Karen Binding: Career Education Publication Date: Jan 5 Condition: Used - Good Ships same day or next business day! Used books may not include working access code or dust jacket. Payment We accept PayPal for all ebay orders. Please see payment details below. We will only ship to the address that is entered into PayPal when payment is made! Shipping Multiple shipping options are available for this item. For more detail, please see below, and select the shipping option that is most convenient for you. Returns We have a 30 day return policy. The return must be postmarked within 30 days of the delivery date. Once the item has been returned, we will initiate an item-only refund shipping costs are non-refundable. We do not provide return labels for general returns. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. Shipping and handling The seller has not specified a shipping method to Germany. Contact the seller- opens in a new window or tab and request shipping to your location. Shipping cost cannot be calculated. Please enter a valid ZIP Code. This item will be shipped through the Global Shipping Program and includes international tracking. Learn more- opens in a new window or tab Quantity: There are 2 items available. Please enter a number less than or equal to 2. Select a valid country. Please enter 5 or 9 numbers for the ZIP Code. This item does not ship to Germany Handling time Will usually ship within 2 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. Return policy After receiving the item, contact seller within Refund will be given as Return shipping Money back Buyer pays for return shipping Refer to ebay Return policy for more details. You are covered by the ebay Money Back Guarantee if you receive an item that is not as described in the listing. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : Axial Skeleton Blausen Medical Study Chapter 7- The Axial Skeleton flashcards from Steven baumfalk's Bellarmine class online, or in Brainscape's iphone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition. The human skeleton has 6 key functions and our skeleton can be split into 2 main parts. How many bones are there in the human skeleton? What is the largest bone in the human body? What makes bone marrow so important? Read on and enjoy these interesting facts about our skeleton and bones. At birth the human skeleton is made up of around bones. By adulthood, some bones have fused together to end up with bones. If broken our bones will re-grow and repair themselves. Often doctors will place a cast on splint to make sure these bones repair straight and true. The axial skeleton part of the human skeleton has 80 bones. It includes the vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull and helps us maintain our upright posture, by spreading the weight in the head, and upper areas down to the lower areas near the hips. The appendicular skeletal section of our skeleton has bones. It includes the pectoral shoulder girdles, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the lower and upper limbs. Its function is for movement of the body and to protect some organs. The human skeletal system has six major functions including the production of blood cells, for support, for movement, for protection, for storage of ions and endocrine regulation. The longest bone in the human body is the thigh bone called the femur. The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear. The staples or stirrup bone is only 2. The area of our body with the most bones is the hand, fingers and wrist where there are 54 bones. Our teeth form part of the skeletal system, but are not counted as bones. There a just a few differences between human male and female skeletons. The female skeleton is generally slightly smaller and the pelvis bones differ in shape, size and angle in order to assist with child birth. The majority of human bones have a dense, strong outer layer, followed by a spongy part full of air for lightness, while the middle contains a soft, flexible, tissue substance called bone marrow. It produces red blood cells which carry oxygen all over the body. Calcium is very important for our bones and helps keep them strong and healthy. The areas where our bones meet are called joints. The joints in our cranium have no movement while our hip joints allow for a wide range of movement. Bones are held in place at joints by muscles and also tissues called ligaments. Another type of tissue called cartilage covers each bone joint surface area to prevent the bones rubbing. The medical branch of learning about the human skeletal system is called Orthopedics. There are a number of skeletal disorders, osteoporosis is a bone disease that increases the chance of fractures, scoliosis is a curvature of the spine, while arthritis is an inflammatory disease that damages joints. Chapter 4 : Essentials of medical language ( edition) Open Library Essentials of medical language. [David Allan; Karen Lockyer] Bones and the axial skeleton: the essentials of the essentials of the languages of orthopedics. Chapter 5 : Bone Diseases MedlinePlus ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL LANGUAGE FOR MODERN HEALTH CARE provides students with an active learning approach. It is Easy to Use because of the carefully planned content; students see all of the information they need on lay-flat two-page spreads. Chapter 6 : - NLM Catalog Result Bones and the axial skeleton: the essentials of the language of orthopedics The appendicular skeleton, joints, and muscles: the essentials of the languages of orthopedics and rehabilitation Endocrine system: the essentials of the Page 4

5 language of edocrinology The blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Chapter 7 : Exercise The Fetal Skeleton Flashcards Easy Notecards With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. With the exception of 2 paired bones (the parietal and temporal), are all single bones. Chapter 8 : Exercise The Axial Skeleton Flashcards Easy Notecards Essentials of medical language. [David Allan; Karen Lockyer] of pulmonology --Bones and the axial skeleton: the essentials of the language of orthopedics --The. Chapter 9 : Essentials of Medical Language by Allan, David, Lockyer, Karen ebay Title(s): Essentials of medical language/ David M. Allan, Karen D. Lockyer. Bones and the axial skeleton: the essentials of the language of orthopedics -- The. Page 5