Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Accelerated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (AICF) in liver disease, Acid suppression in liver disease, ACLF. See Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) Acute kidney injury (AKI) ALF and, CLD and, 345 defined, in liver disease causes of, diagnosis of, epidemiology of, staging of, Acute liver failure (ALF) AKI and, B-ECLS in, cerebral edema in, 313 CT in, described, 440 ECLS systems in, (See also Extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems, in ALF and ACLF) HE in, 313 intracranial hypertension in evaluation of serial laboratory testing in, 314 risk factors for, 314 invasive neuromonitoring in, 318 management of plasma ammonia lowering strategies in, 323 MARS and, mortality related to, 313 MRI in, 318 neuroprotective strategies in, 320 noninvasive neuromonitoring in, 320 Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), clinical studies of MARS and, decompensated chronic liver failure vs., defined, 301 described, 440 Crit Care Clin 32 (2016) /16/$ see front matter criticalcare.theclinics.com

2 476 Index Acute-on-chronic (continued ) ECLS systems in, (See also Extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems, in ALF and ACLF) infections in liver disease and, 416 Acute renal function in liver disease diagnosis and staging of, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 460 Advanced liver disease, See also Liver disease(s), advanced AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) AICF. See Accelerated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (AICF) AKI. See Acute kidney injury (AKI) Albumin in infections in liver disease management, 418 Albumin hypothesis detoxification and, ALF. See Acute liver failure (ALF) Alternative pathway therapy Analgesics in liver disease, 402 Anion gap metabolic acidosis in liver disease, 349 Antiarrhythmics in liver disease, 403 Antibiotics ammonia-lowering in overt type C HE management in ICU, 324 in infections in liver disease management, Anticoagulation in liver disease, 405 Antiemetics in liver disease, 404 Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in liver disease, 399 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Arrhythmias considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, Artificial extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems in ALF and ACLF, adverse effects of, Ascites cause of, 334 Autoimmune disease cirrhosis due to, 303 B Balloon tamponade in esophageal varices management in liver disease, 375

3 Index 477 B-ECLS. See Bioartificial extracorporeal liver support (B-ECLS) Biliary complications in liver transplant patients, Bioartificial extracorporeal liver support (B-ECLS) in ALF, design of, Bleeding coagulopathy in liver disease and, 390 in liver disease management of, b-blockers in liver disease, 403 C Cardiac cirrhosis, Cardiac dysfunction latent in liver disease, 336 in liver disease, 334 clinical implications of, Cardiomyopathy cirrhotic pathophysiology of, 337 Cardiovascular medications in liver disease, Cardiovascular system considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, Cerebral edema in ALF and type C HE, 313 Chronic liver disease (CLD) AKI and, 345 Chronic liver failure decompensated, vs. acute-on-chronic liver failure, Circulatory failure infections in liver disease and, 416 Circulatory system in liver disease, Cirrhosis, cardiac, causes for, introduction, risk factors for, Cirrhosis-associated immunodeficiency pathogenesis of, 414 Cirrhosis-induced systemic inflammation pathogenesis of, Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy pathophysiology of, 337

4 478 Index CLD. See Chronic liver disease (CLD) Coagulation management of in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 464 Coagulation factors in liver disease, liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, 434 Coagulopathy infections in liver disease and, 417 in liver disease clinical implications of, Computed tomography (CT) in ALF and overt type C HE, Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in overt type C HE management in ICU, Critically ill patients liver dysfunction in, coagulation effects of, 434 infectious diseases effects of, introduction, 425 nutritional effects of, organ systems effects of, cardiovascular, endocrine, 434 GI, hepatic, 433 neurologic, renal, respiratory, 432 rehabilitation effects of, 435 CT. See Computed tomography (CT) D Detoxification albumin hypothesis and, Diastolic dysfunction in liver disease, 337 DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in liver disease, Dysmotility in liver disease, E ECLS systems. See Extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems Edema cerebral in ALF and type C HE, 313

5 Index 479 Electrophysiologic abnormalities in liver disease, 337 Embolizing large spontaneous portosystemic shunts Encephalopathy hepatic, (See also Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)) Endocrine system liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, 434 Esophageal varices in liver disease, introduction, 372 management of, balloon tamponade in, 375 rescue therapies in, 375 TIPS in, 375 Extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems in ALF and ACLF, future directions in, pooling of data in meta-analysis, 447 rationale for, 440 artificial in ALF and ACLF, adverse effects of, bioartificial in ALF, design of, F Fibrinolysis in liver disease, 387 Fluid retention in liver failure, 334 Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption, Fungal infections in liver disease, 420 G Gastric varices in liver disease, Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in liver disease, esophageal varices and, management of antibiotics in, 419 nonvariceal in liver disease, Gastrointestinal (GI) issues in liver disease, , acid suppression,

6 480 Index Gastrointestinal (continued) antiemetics, 404 gastric varices, GI bleeding, nonvariceal, introduction, MARS, 404 nutritional concerns and dysmotility, Gastrointestinal (GI) system liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) H HE. See Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) Hematological issues in liver disease, , coagulation factors, coagulopathy in clinical implications of, diagnosis of, fibrinolysis, 387 introduction, management of, mechanisms of, platelet issues, 387 vwf, 387 Hemodynamic resuscitation in infections in liver disease management, 418 Hemorrhage postoperative in liver transplant patients, 465 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in liver disease, 406 Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), classification of, 312 clinical features of, 313 evaluation of approach to, 313 neurologic assessment in, serial laboratory testing in objectives of, 314 infections in liver disease and, 417 introduction, 311 overt type C cerebral edema in, 313 clinical and laboratory assessment in, CT in, in ICU management of, mortality related to, 313

7 Index 481 MRI in, 318 neurologic assessment of, treatment of pharmacologic, 318, 320 Hepatic hydrothorax (HH), clinical manifestations of, 360 defined, 360 diagnosis of, pathophysiology of, 360 treatment of, Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), clinical manifestations of, 358 considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, described, 357 diagnosis of, 359 pathophysiology of, treatment of, Hepatorenal syndrome, causes of, defined, 348 diagnosis of, epidemiology of, management of, 349 HH. See Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) High-volume plasmapheresis (HVP), 445 HPS. See Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) HVP. See High-volume plasmapheresis (HVP) Hydrocortisone in infections in liver disease management, 419 Hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome, collateral circulation in, 333 described, splanchnic vasodilatation in proposed mechanisms of, Hypertension considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, intracranial (See Intracranial hypertension) portal pathophysiology of, 332 portopulmonary, (See also Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH)) Hypothermia therapeutic I ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU) Immunodeficiency cirrhosis-associated pathogenesis of, 414

8 482 Index Immunosuppression considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, Infection(s) in liver disease, consequences of, diagnosis of, epidemiology of, fungal infections, 420 incidence of, 412 introduction, 411 management of, antibiotics in, general approach to, pathogenesis of, prevalence of, 412 resistant infections, 413 risk factors for, SBP, 420 significance of, 412 special considerations, 420 types of, 413 Infectious disease(s) considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 465 liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, medications for in liver disease, Inflammation systemic cirrhosis-induced pathogenesis of, Intensive care unit (ICU) liver disease in patients in hemodynamic monitoring of, overt type C HE management in, readmission to after liver transplantation, 466 Intracranial hypertension in ALF evaluation of serial laboratory testing in, 314 risk factors for, 314 management of, prevention of, K Ketoacidosis in liver disease, 349 Kidney(s) liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on,

9 Index 483 Kidney failure infections in liver disease and, Kidney injury in liver disease, (See also Acute kidney injury (AKI), in liver disease) L Left ventricular hypertrophy in liver disease, Liver in critical illness, (See also Critically ill patients, liver dysfunction in) Liver disease(s). See also Cirrhosis; specific types, e.g., Acute-on-chronic liver failure advanced clinical implications of, discussion, epidemiology of, AKI in, (See also Acute kidney injury (AKI), in liver disease) cardiac cirrhosis, cardiac dysfunction in, 334 clinical implications of, latent, 336 causes of, circulatory system in, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy pathophysiology of, 337 diastolic dysfunction in, 337 electrophysiologic abnormalities in, 337 fluid retention in, 334 GI issues in, (See also Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, in liver disease) hematological issues in, (See also Hematological issues, in liver disease) hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome and, in ICU patients hemodynamic monitoring of, infections in, (See also specific types and Infection(s), in liver disease) kidney function in assessment of, kidney injury in, (See also Acute kidney injury (AKI), in liver disease) left ventricular hypertrophy in, metabolic acidosis in, pharmacologic issues in, (See also Pharmacologic issues, in liver disease) renal replacement therapy in, respiratory complications in, (See also Respiratory complications, in liver disease) systolic dysfunction in, 336 Liver dysfunction in critically ill patients, (See also Critically ill patients, liver dysfunction in) Liver failure fluid retention in, 334 Liver kidney transplantation, Liver transplantation anesthesia technique in,

10 484 Index Liver (continued ) phases of procedure, 454 readmission to ICU after, 466 Liver transplant patients intraoperative management of, anesthesia technique in, personnel in, 454 phases of, 454 vascular access and monitors in, 456 perioperative care of, introduction, postoperative management of coagulation-related, 464 complications related to, readmission to ICU due to, 466 graft function in, immediate, infectious disease issues in, 465 protocols for, 458 special considerations, 466 system-based considerations in, cardiovascular system, immunosuppression, metabolic system, nervous system, renal system, 463 respiratory system, M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ALF and overt type C HE, 318 MARS. See Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) Medications liver disease effects of (See specific types and Pharmacologic issues, in liver disease) Metabolic acidosis in liver disease, Metabolic disease cirrhosis due to, 303 Metabolic system considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, Metronidazole in overt type C HE management in ICU, 324 Micronutrient supplementation Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), 441 ACLF clinical studies and, ALF and, HVP, 445 inflammatory profile, 444 Prometheus,

11 Index 485 SPAD, 444 in liver disease, 404 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) N Neomycin in overt type C HE management in ICU, 324 Nervous system considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, Neurologic medications in liver disease, AEDs, 399 analgesics, 402 sedatives, 402 Neurologic system liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, Neurotransmitter blockade Non anion gap metabolic acidosis in liver disease, Nutrition liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, Nutritional concerns in liver disease, Nutritional support in infections in liver disease management, 419 P Peritonitis spontaneous bacterial in liver disease, 420 Pharmacologic issues in liver disease, (See also specific issues, e.g., Neurologic medications) cardiovascular medications, GI issues, hematologic issues, infectious disease related, introduction, neurologic medications, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations, absorption, 398 distribution, 398 metabolism/elimination, 399 pulmonary complications, 403 renal medications, Plasma ammonia lowering strategies in ALF management, 323

12 486 Index Plasma (continued) in overt type C HE management in ICU, Platelet issues in liver disease, 387 Pneumonia ventilator-associated considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 461 POPH. See Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) Portal hypertension pathophysiology of, 332 Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH), clinical manifestations of, 363 considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 462 described, 362 diagnosis of, epidemiology of, 363 pathogenesis of, 363 treatment of, Portosystemic shunts embolizing large spontaneous Prometheus, Pulmonary complications in liver disease, 403 R Rehabilitation liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, 435 Renal failure infections in liver disease and, Renal medications in liver disease, Renal replacement therapy in liver disease, Renal system considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 463 liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, Renal tubular acidosis in liver disease, Rescue therapies in esophageal varices management in liver disease, 375 Respiratory complications in liver disease, (See also specific types, e.g., Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)) HH, HPS, POPH, SBPL, 362 Respiratory compromise considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients,

13 Index 487 Respiratory failure infections in liver disease and, 417 Respiratory system considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, ARDS, 460 HPS, respiratory compromise, VAP, 461 weaning from mechanical ventilatory support, 459 liver dysfunction in critically ill patients effects on, 432 Rifaximin in overt type C HE management in ICU, 324 S SBP. See Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) SBPL. See Spontaneous bacterial pleuritis (SBPL) Sedatives in liver disease, 402 Shock infections in liver disease and, 416 Single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD), 444 SPAD. See Single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) Splanchnic vasodilatation in hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome proposed mechanisms of, Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in liver disease, 420 Spontaneous bacterial pleuritis (SBPL), 362 Systemic inflammation cirrhosis-induced pathogenesis of, Systolic dysfunction in liver disease, 336 T Therapeutic hypothermia Thrombocytopenia heparin-induced in liver disease, 406 Thromboembolism venous in liver disease prevention of, 405 Thrombosis in liver disease, 391 management of, prevention of, 391 TIPS. See Transjugular intrahepatic protosystemic shunt (YIPS)

14 488 Index Transjugular intrahepatic protosystemic shunt (YIPS) in esophageal varices management in liver disease, 375 Transplantation liver (See Liver transplantation; Liver transplant patients) liver kidney, V VAP. See Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) Varice(s) esophageal (See also Esophageal varices, in liver disease) in liver disease, Vascular anastomoses complications related to in liver transplant patients, Vasopressors in liver disease, 402 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in liver disease prevention of, 405 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) considerations in postoperative management of liver transplant patients, 461 Viral disease cirrhosis due to, von Willebrand factor (vwf) in liver disease, 387 VTE. See Venous thromboembolism (VTE) vwf. See von Willebrand factor (vwf) W Wound complications in liver transplant patients,