Non-neoplastic Conditions in the Mediastinum

Transcription

1 2017 WCTI Non-neoplastic Conditions in the Mediastinum Mi Young Kim, MD, PhD Hyun Jung Koo, MD Jae Woo Song, MD, PhD Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea

2 Disclosures Contents 1. Acute mediastinitis None. 2. Mesenchymal lesion 3. Vascular lesion 4. LN disease, other than tumor 5. Mediastinal cysts 6. Others Perforation or rupture of esophagus Descending necrotizing mediastinitis Direct extension by adjacent infections Thymolipoma Fibrosing mediastinitis Hemangioma Perforation or rupture of airways Lymphangioma Post surgical complication-mc

3 Acute Mediastinitis 68/F Perforation of esophagus, fish bone (red arrow), UI 24cm Abscess pocket Gas bubbles Esophageal wall thickening Increased attenuation of mediastinal fat

4 Acute Mediastinitis 65/M Iatrogenic rupture of esophagus during S-B tube insertion Extraluminal gas, pneumomediastinum Single or multiple mediastinal abscesses with fluid collection

5 Acute Mediastinitis 39/M C.C. vomiting Distal esophageal rupture with acute mediastinitis Pleural effusion Pericardial effusion pneumomediastinum

6 Acute Mediastinitis 55/M Esophageal dissection and perforation Mucosal flap with submucosal distribution of gas or contrast, the classic double-barreled appearance Occur posterior to the true lumen of the esophagus

7 Acute Mediastinitis 56/M C.C. fever Descending necrotizing mediastinitis and retropharyngeal abscess caused by K. pneumoniae Multiple retropharyngeal and mediastinal abscesses Increased soft tissue density and obliteration of normal fat planes, neck and mediastinum

8 Acute Mediastinitis 56/M S/P MV repair Mediastinitis after cardiac surgery, S. aureus on pus culture Retrosternal complicated fluid collection Air bubbles Fistula Focal osteomyelitis, nonunion of bone

9 Mediastinitis 20/M Trauma Post traumatic bronchial rupture Pneumomediastinum Contour deformity of airway or airway narrowing Atelectasis or aspiration pneumonia

10 Mediastinitis 20/M C.C. dyspnea Fibrosing mediastinitis Diffuse mediastinal soft tissue attenuation Hilar or mediastinal mass Obstruction or narrowing of a pulmonary artery Obstruction or narrowing of SVC Tracheobronchial narrowing or irregularities Calcification Multiple collateral veins Enlarged left superior intercostals vein ( )

11 Mediastinitis 51/M C.C. dyspnea Fibrosing mediastinitis, companion case Steroid Tx Soft tissue, ( mediastinum ), biopsy: Sclerosing inflammation

12 Thymolipoma Contents 17/M 17/M 1. Acute mediastinitis 2. Mesenchymal lesion 3. Vascular lesion Thymolipoma Hemangioma Lymphangioma 4. LN disease, other than tumor 5. Mediastinal cysts 6. Others Predominant fat attenuation and intermingled soft tissue attenuation Connection between tumor and the thymus Well circumscribed consisting of mature adipose tissue with interspersed islands of thymic tissue Incidentally found in young adults Fat suppression or chemical shift MR imaging technique may be helpful

13 Hemangioma 35/M Occur in the first four decades of life (75 %) Arise in the anterior mediastinum (68 %). Smoothly outlined Contain punctate calcification; phleboliths

14 Lymphangioma 47/F Well-circumscribed lesion of low (or water) attenuation molding to the mediastinal contours and enveloping the great vessels 3 types, unilocular (most common), cavernous, and intermediate types

15 Contents Iatrogenic Left Innominate Vein Injury 47/F 1. Acute mediastinitis 2. Mesenchymal lesion 3. Vascular lesion 4. LN disease, other than tumor 5. Mediastinal cysts 6. Others Dilatation of mediastinal veins, pulmonary artery, and bronchial artery Vascular injury Acute aortic disease Hematoma in anterior mediastinum

16 Iatrogenic aortic injury 73/F Focal contrast extravasation, active bleeding. Pericardial effusion Diffuse high attenuation at mediastinum, hematoma

17 Aneurysms of bronchial arteries 60/M Tortuous and engorged left bronchial arteries Right Thrombosed bronchial aneurysm artery: Hypertrophic of right bronchial and tortuous artery ( appearance. ) Left Collateral bronchial vessels artery: Hypertrophic, tortuous appearance and aneurysm at the orifice of left Ill-defined bronchial mediastinitis artery. embolization

18 Contents Sarcoidosis 47/F 47/F 1. Acute mediastinitis 2. Mesenchymal lesion 3. Vascular lesion 4. LN disease, other than tumor 5. Mediastinal cysts Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis Castleman s disease 6. Others Bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement is the most common finding, followed by interstitial lung disease. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder that is characterized by noncaseous epithelioid cell granulomas. RadioGraphics 2010

19 Tuberculous lymphadenopathy 47/F Young adult Preponderance of involvement of the right paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes. Nodes larger than 2 cm in diameter invariably show central areas of relative low density and peripheral rim enhancement after injection of contrast medium Radiology 1987

20 Nodo-Esophago-bronchial fistula caused by TB lymphadenitis 36/M

21 Castleman's disease, Hyaline vascular type 22/F A solitary, well-circumscribed mediastinal mass Strong enhancement The hyaline-vascular type (90%, unicentric form) AJR 2004

22 Castleman's disease, Plasma cell type 59/F Disseminated Castleman s disease manifests with diffuse mediastinal lymphadenopathy Plasma cell type (10%, multicentric form, systemic)

23 Contents Mediastinal cysts, Common findings 1. Acute mediastinitis Smooth and sharply marginated masses Water density (about 50%) or homogeneous soft tissue density (50%) 2. Mesenchymal on CT lesion Do not enhance after IV administration of contrast 3. Vascular lesion Variable pattern on T1-weighted sequence 4. LN disease, other than tumor Hyperintense on T2-weighted sequence regardless of the nature of the cyst content 5. Mediastinal cysts 60/F Thymic cyst, ant. mediastinum 39/M Thymic Pericardial cyst cyst, Rt cardiophrenic angle Pericardial cyst 6. Others Bronchogenic cyst Forgut duplication cyst Thoracic duct cyst Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst

24 57/M Lung 54/F posterior mediastinum Bronchogenic cyst 59/M Mediastinal, subcarinal, complicated 38/M Mediastinal, paratracheal

25 Esophageal duplication cyst 21/F 21/F Esophageal cyst: intramural or adjacent to the wall of esophagus

26 Thoracic duct cyst 58/F Thoracic duct cyst and dilatation 47/M Rare cystic lesion in the mediastinum. Weakness in the thoracic duct wall allows formation of a cyst. Chyle in the fluid of the cyst Symptomless or compression of surrounding structures

27 Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst 44/M, chronic pancreatitis Mediastinal extension of pseudocyst can occur through anatomical openings of diaphragm. The posterior mediastinum is the most common location of the mediastinal pseudocysts through esophageal and aortic hiatus.

28 Intrathoracic Contents goiter 47/F 1. Acute mediastinitis 2. Mesenchymal lesion 3. Vascular lesion 4. LN disease, other than tumor 5. Mediastinal cysts 6. Others Intrathoracic goiter Diverticulum Continuity with the cervical gland Mediastinal lipomatosis Focal calcification Extramedullary hematopoiesis Arise in the posterolateral portion of the thyroid gland and descend inferiorly to the posterior mediastinum

29 Intrathoracic goiter T1WI 45/F Pre enhanced Post enhanced Enhanced T1WI T2WI Sharp borders (>90%) High attenuation on unenhanced CT (>100 HU) After IV contrast administration, thyroid tissue exhibits early and prolonged enhancement Continuity with the cervical gland

30 Zenker's diverticulum at upper esophagus 56/M Protrusion of esophageal mucosa through the posterior muscle layers of the pharynx through a defect in the hypopharyngeal wall. Found on the posterior wall of the hypopharynx Fluid-filled, characteristic Infected Zenker's diverticulum The American Journal of Medicine 2003

31 Esophageal diverticulum 68/M, UI 30cm middle esophageal diverticulum 72/M, UI 37cm distal esophageal diverticulum

32 Thymic lymphoid hyperplasia 26/F Grave s disease f/u Thymic lymphoid (follicular) hyperplasia Increased number of lymphoid follicles, seen in immune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, thyrotoxicosis, and Grave s disease Commonly associated with myasthenia gravis

33 Mediastinal lipomatosis 60/M S/P left nephrectomy d/t RCC Soft tissue, ( mediastinum ), excision : Low grade lipogenic tumor, favor lipoma

34 Extramedulary hematopoiesis 61/M AML, Anemia Well-circumscribed, smooth, soft tissue attenuation masses, usually at multiple levels in a paraspinal location without erosion or pressure changes on the adjacent ribs or vertebral bodies Hypertrophy of the medullary cavity of the ribs Rare cause of posterior mediastinal masses and is usually seen in patients with severe, long-standing anemia

35 Summary CT is most often used in the assessment of mediastinal non-neoplastic diseases, with MR imaging usually being used as an adjunct to CT An awareness of the CT findings associated with the spectrum of mediastinal non-neoplastic diseases facilitates the accurate and prompt diagnosis The compartments of the mediastinum may help narrow the differential diagnosis. Thank you for your attention. Contact: