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1 COST B24 Budapest October 2006 some sensory informations from the external environment Annie REBER*,, Jacques SERVIERE, Monique PRESSAC,, Sébastien S ARTHAUD* * University Rouen, INRA-Paris, University Paris V
2 «standard» proximal environment floor area 16 x 37 cm = 592 cm 16 x 37 cm = 592 cm² Somatosensory stimulation Auditory stimulation Visual stimulation Olfactory stimulation
3 «standard» distal environment
4 standard distal environment i.e. room Air : renewal / h Artificial light : lux Humidity : 50% +/- 5% Temperature : C odors, noises Social stimuli = N animals/cage anti-intrusion bar
5 global environment : husbandry & laboratory facilities +4 C F spare room Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rabbits Vest office WC meeting room Issue technical room C temporary dirty or used tools loundry cages washing machine strerilization unit Ran storage foodbeding q u a r a n ti n e behav surgery Perfusion euthanasia anesthesia hood peer delivery : animals, litter, food, tools, cages + garbage & body removal behav behav office Micro scope WC A = anesthésie A2 = boxe protégé B = bureau BV = boxe vide (pour transfert désinfection) C = comportement D = douches E = euthanasie F = frogs H = histologie Hood = hotte ou sorbonne L = laverie Lit = litière LT = local technique M = microscopie N = nourriture P = propre Perf = perfusion Pré = prélèvements Q = quarantaine Ran = rangements Sté = stérilisation (sèche +autoclave) Vest = vestiaire WC = toilettes +4 C = chambre froide -20 C = congélateurs cadavres Surface environ 1000 m² (20 x 50)
6 sensory informations distal environment genotype proximal environment animal experience phenotypic expression
7 differences in sensory features among species exemple of Audition : frequency sensitivity
8 auditory thresholds (audiograms) in four species Singe Rhésus Rhesus monkey dog CHIEN max sensitivity range RAT rat Chauve-Souris bat Hearing Res. 2001, 157: Hefner RS et al
9 differences in sensory features among species exemple of Vision : spatial contrast sensitivity
10 spatial vision (contrast( sensitivity) in four species Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2000, 97(2): Keller J. et al
11 VISION -Most mammals with lateral eyes are afoveate no sharp vision : Rats ~ Those with frontal eyes are foveate ones : providing the most precise spatial and colour vision
12 VISION - Rats have a poor Color Vision : mainly green cones all cones are dispersed over the retina can such an animal detect yellow colour?
13 a relevant enrichment?? Color objects somatosensory stimulation ++++ visual stimulation 0 or +
14 VISION Differences between strains : Pigmented rats / Albino rats During animal displacements, the eyes move to stabilize gaze in space and prevent blurring of vision. This optokinetic reflex is deficient and highly variable in albino as compared to pigmented rats an exemple in albino rat...
15 Vision : Difference between strains eye position Poor Optokinetic nystagmus Efficient Optokinetic nystagmus Exp. Brain. Res : Sirkin D. et al
16 For welfare improvement and scientific integrity : we must take in account the sensory performances of a given species
17 Nervous system Plasticity related to environmental modifications 1 Changes with age
18 Somatotopic cortical maps in the rat a g i n g cutaneous Behav. Brain Res : Bourgeon S. et al
19 Temporary conclusion for experimental design : are identically enriched conditions required all along life span?
20 2 Impact of modifications of environmental conditions
21 Somatotopic Cortical maps : effect of enriched cage Related to floor type, objects in the cage
22 modification of activity in the visual system plasticity in superior colliculi Plasticité dans le système visuel Acétylcholinestérase Acetylcholinesterase dans les activity Colliculi Supérieurs Colliculus left colliculus gauche right Colliculus colliculus droit visual Entraînement rotation : rotation of visual de la environment scène visuelle vers towards la droite right
23 Changes in auditory properties according to sound environment
24 effect of Enhanced Acoustic Environment 3 weeks exposure to repetitives sound pulses, moderate intensity level, 5-20kHz - Reorganisation of tonotopic cortical map - Reduction of frequency representation between F1-F2 - Over-representation representation of frequencies outside F1-F2 thalamic and cortical neurons become unspecialized for the «enriched» frequency band A problem with IVC cages? Nature Neuroscience (7): Norena AJ et al
25 sensory informations distal environment genotype proximal environment animal experience phenotypic expression
26
27 ascending nociceptive & pain pathways J. Servière INRA
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