The Human Central Nervous System

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "The Human Central Nervous System"

May Parsons
5 years ago
Views:

2 R.Nieuwenhuys IVoogd Chr. van Huijzen The Human Central Nervous System A Synopsis and Atlas Third Revised Edition With 217 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

3 RUDOLF NIEUWENHUYS, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands JAN VOOGD, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands CHRISTIAAN VAN HUIJZEN, F.M.A.A. Medical artist, Department of Anatomy, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands 1978 First English Edition 1980 German Edition Italian Edition 1981 Second English Edition 1983 Spanish Edition Greek Edition Japanese Edition ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Nieuwenhuys, R., The human central nervous system. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Central nervous system - Atlases. 2. Histology - Atlases. 3. Neuroanatomy - Atlases. 1. Voogd, J. (Johan), II. Huijzen, Chr. van. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Central Nervous System - anatomy and histology - atlases. WL 17 N682h) QM455.N '.82' ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms ar in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1978, 1981, 1988 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1988 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. Reproduction of figures: Gustav Dreher GmbH, Stuttgart Typesetting, 2122/ Printed on acid-frce paper

4 Preface to the Third Edition The present edition of our The Human Central Nervous System: A Synopsis and Atlas differs in several respects from its predecessor. An entirely new section on the cerebrovascular system and the meninges has been added, in accordance with the wishes of many colleagues. The text has been thoroughly revised and extended in the light of new data and concepts. The functional significance of the structures discussed and depicted has received more attention, and numerous correlations with neuropathology and clinical neurology have been indicated. The final section in the previous editions was devoted to the monoaminergic neuron systems. It was our original plan to add sections on other important transmitter-specified neuronal populations. However, the size of these sections soon grew well beyond the limits set for the present work. Hence, it was decided to produce a separate text on that subject, which has appeared in the mean time (R.NIEUWENHUYS: Chemoarchitecture of the Brain, Springer Verlag 1985). The reader who is particularly interested in chemical neuroanatomy is referred to that work; numerous data on the nature of the neurotransmitters present in the various centres and fibre systems of the neuraxis are incorporated in the text of the present book, however. Not only the text, but also the pictorial material has been extended and brought into harmony with the present state of knowlegde. Eighty-two new illustrations have been added and many others have been revised. As in the previous editions, all of the figures, including the new ones, are original. The bibliography has been extended from 272 references in the second edition to 1553 in the present one. Due to all of these additions the book has grown considerably; however, its aim - to provide a straightforward, clear and reliable guide to the structural and functional organization of the human central nervous system, for both apprentices and specialists in the neurological sciences - has remained unchanged. During the preparation of this and previous editions we received the advice and help of many persons; hence our gratitude is manifold. The late Dr. J.H.R. SCHOEN made available the Hiiggqvist material. The ample consultations we had with Dr. H.O.M. THIJSSEN, Professor of neuroradiology at the University of Nijmegen, were of considerable help to us. We wish to thank Mr. A. BINNENDIJK and Mr. C. CORNELISSEN for the preparation of the series of brain and head slices, Mrs. C. DE VOCHT-POORT, Mrs. P. DRIESSEN-VERIJDT and the late Mr. J. STINS for the preparation of the histological material, and Dr. H. FEIRABEND and Mr. W. REIJCHARD for the injected specimens in part two.

5 Preface to the Third Edition VI Acknowledgement is made to the artists: to Mr. T. VAN GERWEN, who made the half-tone illustrations, to Mr. A. GRUTER, who did the drawings of the microscopical sections and the line drawings of part two, and to Mr. W.P.J. MAAS, who prepared the line drawings of part five and also aided in the labelling of the illustrations. Without their skill and patience this book would not have been possible. The invaluable secretarial assistance of Mrs. M. RIECK, E. KLINK, G. VAN SON-VERSTRAETEN, H. FLIERVOET, J. VELZEBOER, M. VAN DE COEVERING and W. DE HAAN is especially acknowledged. Finally, we extend our most sincere thanks to the publishing house of Springer-Verlag and their staff - especially Mr. B. LEWERICH, Mrs. Th. DEIG MOLLER, Mrs. D. GROSSHANS and Mrs. U. PFAFF - for their help during the preparation of this book. Summer 1988 R. NIEUWENHUYS J. VOOGD CHR. VAN HUIJZEN

6 Preface to the Second Edition The particularly good reception enjoyed by our "The Human Central Nervous System, a Synopsis and Atlas" has made a second edition necessary, hardly more than two years after its first appearance. This new edition enabled us to make a number of corrections, but it was judged premature to undertake a thorough updating of the text. However, a major improvement - suggested by some reviewers and many colleagues - is that in this new edition the abbreviations in the figures have been replaced by the full Latin terms. We want to emphasize that the study of this book can facilitate and deepen but never replace the study of the anatomical preparation. Acquaintance with the basic cytology and histology of nervous tissue has been taken for granted. This book is evidently often consulted with the aim of looking up a particular structure together with its name and its topographical relations. This is certainly one of the purposes of the book. We are, however, of the opinion that during a systematic study of the figures showing the functional systems in part V, perusal of the accompanying text will be necessary. As a matter of fact the spatial representations of the fibre systems are no more than a visualization of the most salient features discussed in the text. The pictures are so to speak a snapshot of the current knowledge of a particular functional system within the central nervous system; no less, but no more either. The mutual coherence between the pictures in the macroscopical, microscopical and functional sections of the book, will be readily apparent during the use of the work. The authors hope that for the readers this coherence will lead to a better insight into the structure of the human central nervous system. Summer 1981 R.NIEUWENRUYS J. VOOGD CRR. VAN HUIJZEN

7 Contents Introduction Purpose and Plan Material, Techniques, and Preparation of the Illustrations Annotations Terminology and Labelling. Part I Gross Anatomy Orientation..... External and Medial Views. Internal Structures.... Part II Vessels and Meninges Arteries of the Brain.. Veins of the Brain Vessels of the Brain Stem Meninges, Cisterns and Liquor System. Vessels and Meninges of the Spinal Cord. Part III Brain Slices Coronal Sections.. Sections Perpendicular to the Axis of the Brain Stem. Sagittal Sections.. Horizontal Sections Part IV Microscopical Sections Coronal Sections Through the Basal Part of the Prosencephalon. 96 Transverse Sections Through the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord. 104 Part V Functional Systems Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem General Sensory Systems and Taste.. Introduction Primary Afferents and the Spinal Grey Matter The Anterolateral System.. The Medial Lemniscus System The Somatosensory Cortex

8 x Contents The Trigeminal System Descending Connections to Somatosensory Relay Nuclei The Visceral Afferent Systems Special Sensory Systems The Vestibular System The Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei Afferents to the Vestibular Nuclei. Efferents from the Vestibular Nuclei. Projections from the Vestibular Nuclei to the Cerebral Cortex The Auditory System Auditory Centres Auditory Pathways The Ascending Auditory Projection The Descending Auditory Projection Auditory Reflex Pathways The Visual System..... The Visual Pathway.... The Accessory Optic System Visual Reflexes Eye Movements Ascending Reticular Systems The Reticular Formation The Raphe Nuclei The Medial Reticular Formation The Lateral Reticular Formation Noradrenergic Cell Groups... Adrenergic Cell Groups.... Cholinergic Cell Groups; Locomotor and Relay Centres Ascending Reticular Pathways Ascending Projections from the Raphe Nuclei..... Ascending Projections from the Medial Reticular Zone. Ascending Projections from the Lateral Reticular Zone Cerebellum Introduction Cortex and Central Nuclei 222 Types of Afferent and Intrinsic Connections 222 Terminations of Mossy Fibre Systems Functional Zones: Organization of the Olivocerebellar Climbing Fibre System and the Corticonuclear Projection 228 The Vestibulocerebellum Efferent Pathways Function and Malfunction of the Cerebellum 236 Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Connections 237 The Thalamus: Its Parts and Peduncles Specific and Non-specific Nuclei of the Thalamus 238 Thalamic and Thalamocortical Circuits Connections of the Ventral Thalamic Nuclei.. 239

9 Contents XI Connections of the Anterior Nucleus and the Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus Connections of the Medial Nucleus of the Thalamus. 240 Connections of the Medial Geniculate Body Connections of the Posterior Nuclei of the Thalamus. 241 Connections of the Lateral Geniculate Body 241 Connections of the Lateral Thalamic Nuclei 244 Connections of the Intralaminar Nuclei 246 Motor Systems Long Corticofugal Pathways 247 Introduction Medial and Lateral Motor Systems 253 Reticulospinal, Raphespinal and Coeruleospinal Systems 256 Direct and Indirect Cortico-motoneuronal Connections 257 The Pyramidal Tract Syndrome The So-Called Extrapyramidal Motor System. 258 Introduction Structural Features Fibre Connections Aspects of the Organisation of the Striatum. 267 Subdivision of the Basal Ganglia into Dorsal and Ventral Sectors 269 Fibre Connections of the Ventral Striatum The Magnocellular Basomedial Telencephalic Complex. 273 Descending Reticular Systems Descending Projections from the Raphe Nuclei Descending Projections from the Medial Reticular Zone 282 Descending Projections from the Lateral Reticular Zone 284 Olfactory and Limbic Systems Introduction The Central Limbic Continuum: Sections and Centres 296 The Central Limbic Continuum: Circuitry and Major Conduction Channels The Central Limbic Continuum: Functional Connections of Individual Centres The Amygdala Introduction Fibre Systems Related to the Amygdala 324 Afferents to the Amygdala Efferents from the Amygdala Comments on the Connections and Functions of the Amygdala 329 Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis 332 The Hippocampus Introduction Fibre Systems Related to the Hippocampus. 335 Intrinsic Connections of the Hippocampus 335 Afferents to the Hippocampus. 336 Efferents from the Hippocampus

10 XII The Circuit of Papez The Olfactory System The Limbic System at Large: A Functional Commentary. Long Association and Commissural Connections General Features..... The Somatosensory Cortex. The Visual Cortex. The Auditory Cortex The Frontal Lobe.. The Paralimbic Areas References.. SUbject Index Contents

Orientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges References... 3

Section I Orientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges... 1 1 Orientation... 3 References... 3 2 Development... 7 Early Morphogenesis... 7 FormationoftheBrainRegions... 9 Histogenesis...