Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex (Area TE) in Macaque Monkey

Transcription

1 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex (Area TE) in Macaque Monkey Yong-Mei Zhong and Kathleen S. Rockland Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama , Japan Parietal cortical areas have generally been considered as part of the dorsal stream and, as such, only indirectly connected with inferotemporal cortex. In this report we demonstrate, by using the anterograde tracer BDA, that much of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) has direct connections to anterior-ventral TE (TEav) around the anterior middle temporal sulcus (amts). Connections from area PG terminate in layers 1 and 5 as well as 4; and those from area PF, target layer 6 of TEav, with a small secondary focus in layer 4 of anterior-dorsal TE. Connections from areas PG and PF are relatively sparse; but those from the mid-ipl region (approximately area PFG), which terminate in layer 4, are light to moderate. In confirmation of these results, injections of retrograde tracers in TEav produce labeled neurons in the IPL. These are most numerous in layer 3 at the border of areas PG and PFG, but also occur in layer 5/6. These laminar patterns are more complex than the classical feedforward or feedback patterns associated with early sensory areas. Branched collaterals are common; and three of seven reconstructed axons branched to both TEav and to the lateral bank of the occipito-temporal sulcus, itself a major source of inputs to TEav. The existence of connections from the IPL preferentially to TEav and the amts provides another example where direct bypass connections operate in parallel with multiple indirect routes. It provides further evidence for the differential connectivity of subdivisions within anterior TE and is consistent with recent evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that the region around the amts may be part of a network involved in threedimensional shape, which is distributed across both what and where processing streams. Introduction Area TE in macaque monkeys receives dense direct connections from area TEO (Desimone et al., 1980; Webster et al., 1991; Distler et al., 1993; Saleem et al., 1993) and is often considered the final stage in a ventral cortical processing stream (Gross, 1994; Logothetis and Sheinberg, 1996). It is extensively documented as involved in object recognition (Gross, 1994; Logothetis and Sheinberg, 1996; Tanaka, 1996; Rolls, 2000). The anterior part of TE (TEa) has at least two subdivisions, each with differential connectivity (Desimone et al., 1980; Iwai et al., 1987; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992; Yukie et al., 1992; Saleem and Tanaka, 1996; Cheng et al., 1997; Saleem et al., 2000). In particular, the anterior-ventral (TEav), but not the anteriordorsal (TEad), subdivision is preferentially connected (i) with posterior visual areas TEp and TEO, in ventral (not dorsal) locations (Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992); (ii) with the lower (not upper) bank of the anterior superior temporal sulcus (Saleem et al., 2000); and (iii) with CA1 of the hippocampus (Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992; Saleem and Hashikawa, 1998; Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1999; Yukie, 2000). TEav also projects more strongly to the perirhinal cortex (Saleem et al., 2000). It has been inferred that TEav, in contrast with TEad, may be more closely associated with visuospatial processes (Saleem et al., 2000). Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) studies (Sereno et al., 2002) provide further evidence that the region around the anterior middle temporal sulcus (amts; mainly TEav) may have a distinct specialization, and that this is related to processing of three-dimensional shapes. A possible substrate for visuospatial interactions would be the known connections from the superior temporal sulcus (STS) or intraparietal sulcus to subdivisions of TE. However, there have also been reports of direct connections from the posterior part of the inferior partial lobule (IPL) to TEav (Iwai et al., 1992; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992). These studies both used large injections of retrograde tracers in TEav. In this study, we use high resolution anterograde tracers to further investigate the density and topography of connections from various parts of the IPL to TEa. We were also interested in how these direct connections might converge with other potentially important inputs to the amts and to the STS, a region heavily interconnected with the anterior part of TE. Single axon analysis was included in order to compare terminations with classical feedforward and feedback patterns. Materials and Methods Surgery and Tracer Injection Ten adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of both sexes were used in this study. Seven monkeys received injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in different portions of the inferior parietal lobe (Fig. 1A) and one monkey (R51) in area TEO (Fig. 1D). Two other animals had large pressure injections of retrograde tracer in anterior TE. In one animal, Fast Blue (FB) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) were injected in TEad. In another, FB and Fluoro Ruby (FR) were injected in the amts, in its lower (FB) and upper (FR) banks and margin (Fig. 1D). Surgery was carried out under sterile conditions after the animals were deeply anesthetized with barbiturate anesthesia (25 mg/kg Nembutal i.v. after a tranquilizing dose of 11 mg/kg ketamine i.m.). Procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines, as specified in approved Animal Care and Use Forms (University of Iowa) and protocols reviewed by the Experimental Animal Committee (RIKEN Institute, Japan). Cortical areas of interest were localized by direct visualization, subsequent to craniotomy and durotomy, in relation to sulcal landmarks (i.e. the intraparietal and superior temporal sulci). Injections were made by pressure for BDA [10% in M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), µl per injection; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR], FB (4% in 0.1M PBS, µl per injection; Sigma, St Louis, MO), FR (10% in 0.1M PBS, µl per injection; Molecular Probes) and CTB (1% in 0.1M PBS, 0.5 µl per injection; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA). Three additional cases (T3, T4 and T5) were available with iontophoretic injections of PHA-L in ventral areas TEO and TE (Fig. 1D). These had been used in previous studies (Wellman and Rockland, 1997; Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1999) and detailed methods are given elsewhere. Histological Processing Animals were allowed to recover and survived days after injections. They were then re-anesthetized, given an overdose of Nembutal (75 mg/kg) and perfused transcardially, in sequence, with saline, 4% Oxford University Press All rights reserved. Cerebral Cortex May 2003;13: ; /03/$4.00

2 Figure 1. Schematic views showing the location of injection sites and global projection foci in the present study. (A) Seven BDA injection sites (P1 P7) within the IPL are schematically mapped onto a lateral view of the monkey brain. The most pronounced projections to TEav are from case P3, with an injection in at the border of PG and PFG (shown in red). The dashed line indicates the dorsal border of area PF; other architectonic borders are shown, for clarity, in Figure 1C. (To avoid crowding, area boundaries are not shown in A) Boundaries are approximate [established with reference to Pandya and Seltzer (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982)], as indicated by? (B) Coronal section outlines indicating the general mapping of terminations in and around the amts, from five parietal (P) and four temporal (T and R51) injection sites. Actual foci are illustrated in Figures 3 and 8. Arrows indicate the border between TEav and perirhinal cortex. (C) Fast blue (FB) injection ventral to amts (see D) results in retrogradely labeled neurons (small dots) in the IPL, specifically in portions corresponding to areas PFG and PG. (D) Ventral view showing the location of one retrograde tracer injection in TEav (FB, shown in black) and three other injections in TEad: FR (shown in broken outline), CTB and FB (anterior and posterior hollow outlines, respectively). The FB injection in TEav, but not the three injections in TEad, resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons in the IPL. (The FB injection in TEav may have extended slightly into the adjoining perirhinal cortex, in the deeper layers, as indicated by dashed lines.) One injection of BDA was placed in dorsal TEO (R51), shown in black. Three injections of PHA-L, available from previous studies, were located in ventral TEO and TE (T3, T4, T5), shown by black, hollow and curved arrows. Hemispheres in (A) and (C) and the section outlines in (B), have been slightly truncated (solid lines) to conserve space. amts, anterior middle temporal sulcus; AS, arcuate sulcus; CF, calcarine fissure; CS, central sulcus; LS, lateral sulcus; LS, lunate sulcus; IOS, inferior occipital sulcus; PS, principal sulcus; RS, rhinal sulcus; STS, superior temporal sulcus; pmts, posterior middle temporal sulcus. paraformaldehyde and chilled 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) with 10, 20, and 30% sucrose. Brains were cut serially in the coronal plane by frozen microtomy (at 50 µm thickness) and processed histologically for BDA, as described previously (Ding et al., 2000). Tissue was reacted for h in avidin biotin complex (ABC Elite kits; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) at room temperature (one drop of reagent per 7 ml of 0.1 M PBS). In the final step, BDA was demonstrated by 3,3 -diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) histochemistry with the addition of 0.5% nickel-ammonium sulfate. Processing for CTB was carried out using primary antibody, anti-ctb (1:6000 in 0.1 M PBS, with addition of 0.5 % Triton-X and 2% normal goat serum, PBXG ), rabbit biotinylated anti-goat secondary antibody (1:200 in 0.1 M PBXG) and ABC complex, as described for BDA. FR was reacted following similar steps after reacting with anti-fr primary antibody (in rabbit, 1:6000; Molecular Probes). For f luorescent tracers, tissue was collected in 0.1 M PB and mounted as the brain was being sectioned. Nomenclature Areas in the inferotemporal cortex (TE) were identified by correlation with surface landmarks [i.e. the amts, pmts, occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS) and rhinal sulcus] and by architectonic analysis of selected histological sections stained for cell bodies (Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Yukie et al., 1990; Suzuki and Amaral, 1994; Saleem and Tanaka, 1996). Several different systems have been proposed for subdividing inferotemporal cortex (Tamura and Tanaka, 2001; Lavenex et al., 2002). Our classification closely follows the nomenclature proposed by Yukie and his colleagues (Yukie et al., 1990) and adopted by Saleem and Tanaka (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996); see also Suzuki and Amaral (Suzuki and Amaral, 528 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

3 Figure 2. Three flat map representations of the location and density of projections to temporal cortex in P2, P3 and P4. In each case, the ventral lip and fundus of the amts is drawn and the distance in millimeters is given from the projection focus (at the indicated by arrowed numbers) to the ventral lip of the amts and the lateral lip of the rhinal sulcus. The amts is longest (8.0 mm AP) and deepest (4.0 mm) in P3 (in P2, amts is 4.4 mm AP and 2.0 mm at its deepest point; in P4 it is 6.5 mm AP and 2.7 mm at its deepest). The extent and location of the projection foci have also been indicated by dots on the coronal section outlines. The densest part of the focus is charted on the full section outline and the anterior and posterior extents are shown on the partial ventral views in P2, P3 and P4. The projections are relatively scant in P1 and are shown on a single section outline. An additional projection focus, to the adjoining perirhinal cortex (perirh), is shown on the flat maps for P2 and P3. The border between TEav and perirhinal cortex is shown by arrows in the coronal section outlines and partially indicated by thick dashed lines on the three flat maps. Numbers correspond to individual tissue sections, where larger numbers are progressively more anterior. The scale bar for P1 (lower box) applies to the other coronal sections. The scale bar near the compass applies to the three flat maps. A, anterior; P, posterior; D, dorsal; V, ventral. 1994). In this classification, TE is divided into four subregions in relation to the amts: TEad (anterior-dorsal), TEav (anterior-ventral), TEpd (posterior-dorsal) and TEpv (posterior-ventral). In defining the border between TEav and the perirhinal cortex (area 36), we followed the criteria of Saleem and Tanaka (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996); see also Suzuki and Amaral (Suzuki and Amaral, 1994). Area TEav is identified by a clear separation between layers 5 and 6. Area 36 is identified by the differentiation of layer 3 into 3A and 3B, and by the presence of densely stained large pyramidal cells in layer 5. The precise border between perirhinal cortex and TEav can be difficult to delineate, but the location of the projection sites relative to the amts and the rhinal sulcus further aided in area identification (Fig. 2). The border between TEav and TEad is Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 529

4 placed at the upper lip of amts in accordance with the criteria for distinguishing between TE1 and TE2 (Seltzer and Pandya, 1978), as adopted by Saleem and Tanaka (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996); that is, layer 5 is less cell-dense in TEad than TEav. The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) has also been subdivided in several different ways (Brodmann, 1909; Economo, 1929; Pandya and Seltzer, 1982; Lewis and Van Essen, 2000; Cavada, 2001). Our results were most consistent with the map of Bonin and Bailey (Bonin and Bailey, 1947), as modified by Pandya and Seltzer (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982). This map designates the most anterior sector of the IPL (area 7b of Brodmann) as PF and the most posterior sector as PG (area 7a of Brodmann). A transitional subdivision, called PFG, is recognized between areas PF and PG. Within this framework, injections P1 and P2 can be considered as localized to area PF; injection P3, as at the border of PF and PG (at least partly in PFG); injections P5 and P6, as in area PG; and injections P4 and P7, as at least partly in PG (P7 may extend into area Opt and P4 had slight involvement of the adjoining lateral sulcus in its most posterior portion). None of the injections extended into the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Data Analysis Analysis focused on areas TEad and TEav. Other areas, which receive parietal cortical connections, were inspected mainly for consistency with previous results (Desimone et al., 1980; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Anderson et al., 1990; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992; Yukie et al., 1992; Cusick et al., 1995; Seltzer et al., 1996). Global projection foci in TEa were scanned and plotted onto enlarged camera lucida drawings of partial section outlines at 0.4 mm intervals. The locations of labeled terminals were projected onto contour lines of each section and then transposed onto a two-dimensional unfolded map, from the lower bank of STS to the lateral lip of the rhinal sulcus. The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle served as the most useful reference point in making the alignment. Results are presented in the flat map format (Fig. 2), as well as schematically on representative coronal section outlines (Figs 1B and 2). In order to assess the density of foci, bouton counts were carried out from the densest case (P3), at 1000, within a standardized µm counting box. One section was selected from P3 through the densest portion of the projection foci in TEav, STS and OTS; and, for comparison, similar counts were performed of the OTS projections in P4, which appeared to be particularly dense. Three fields from each section were counted. As a separate indicator of projection density, the number of retrogradely filled neurons was counted, in the IPL and in the STS (Fig. 1D), in a µm region. Serial section reconstruction of individual axons was accomplished with the aid of a camera lucida microscope attachment as described previously (Ding et al., 2000). Photomicrographs were taken with an Olympus DP50 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX60 microscope. Images were saved in TIFF format and imported into Adobe Photoshop 5.5. Image brightness, contrast and color were adjusted if necessary to reproduce the original histological data and final prints were made with a Pictrography 3500 printer. Results Global Pattern of Labeled Terminals Of the seven brains with injections in the IPL, all except two, near the IPS in its posterior portion, resulted in projections to TEa (Fig. 1B). Four injection sites (cases P2, 3, 4 and 7) produced terminations in TEav, along the posterior two-thirds of the amts, in its lower bank or adjoining cortex. Terminations were sparse except for those originating from the mid-portion, around the border of areas PG and PFG. These, of light to moderate density, formed foci that measured 0.70 mm DV 2.4 mm AP (in P3) and 0.40 mm DV 1.2 mm AP (in P2). To provide some standard of density, bouton counts were made of terminations in case P3 from TEav and from denser foci in the STS and OTS. Mean numbers were, respectively, 55, 93 and 73 boutons per 50 µm 3 counting box (see Materials and Methods). The densest projection, to the OTS in case P4, had 165 boutons per 50 µm 3. The overall extent of the projections in the STS and OTS is larger ( mm) than for projections in TEav. A fifth injection (P1), in area PF, resulted in terminations in the upper bank of the amts, in TEav, and also produced a weak, secondary focus ( 0.30 mm DV 0.25 mm AP) in what appeared to be TEad just dorsal to the amts. There was some indication of a topographic mapping of the projection foci, such that anterior-to-posterior portions of the IPL had an inverse, dorsal-to-ventral mapping in relation to the amts (Fig. 2). One posterior injection (P7), however, projected diffusely along the lateral bank, fundus and medial bank of the amts. The laminar termination patterns in TEav from these five cases were complex. The densest projections, from the border of areas PG and PFG (case 3), were mainly to layer 4 (Fig. 3). From more posterior regions (PG), sparse terminations occurred in layers 1 (Fig. 4A C) and 5, as well as layer 4. From area PF, terminations were concentrated in layer 6 in TEav (Fig. 4D,E), but in layer 4 in TEad. Sporadic retrogradely labeled neurons occurred in area TE in some cases (particularly in P2, P3 and P4). In order to confirm the BDA results, injections of the retrograde tracers FB, FR, and CTB were made in portions of TEa in two monkeys (Fig. 1D). An injection of FB, mainly in the lower lip of the amts (TEav) and ventrally adjoining cortex, resulted in labeled neurons in the mid-portion of the IPL, in area PG, possibly extending into area PFG (Figs 1C and 5A,B). The absence of labeled neurons in area PF may be explained by the location of the FB injection, which did not involve the upper bank of the amts. Dorsally in the IPL, labeled neurons were mainly in layer 3, but more ventrally and in its mid-portion, neurons were bistratified in layers 3 and 5/6. In the IPL, a total of 677 labeled neurons were counted through 43 sections, of which 615 were in the supra- and 62 in the infragranular layers. Per µm field in the densest region in area PFG, 11 neurons were counted in the IPL. (Every section, collected in a 1-in-3 series, for an interval spacing of 150 µm, was scanned. The field of labeled neurons extended for 5.4 mm AP.) A denser field in the depth of the STS, by comparison, had 59 neurons in the same sized field. In accordance with Martin-Elkins and Horel (Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992), dense retrograde labeling occurred in ventral TEO around the OTS (mainly in layers 3 and 6), in perirhinal cortex (in layers 3, 6 and, sparsely, layer 5) and in the STS (in layers 3, 5 and 6; Fig. 5C,D). After injections in TEad (FR, FB and CTB), no labeled neurons were observed in the IPL, consistent with our anterograde tracer experiments and with previous investigations. To further investigate the potential pathways between the IPL and temporal areas, several other sets of projections were analyzed. One was from the seven parietal injection sites to the STS. We confirmed that the upper bank of the STS, which is interconnected with TEad (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996), receives dense connections, mainly in layer 4, from all the injection sites. In our material, the lower bank of the STS, which is interconnected with TEav (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996), also receives rather dense connections, mainly in layer 4, from cases P1, P4, P6 and P7 and less dense connections from cases P2, P3 and P5 (Fig. 6). With our tracers, these appeared denser than in previous studies (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Cusick et al., 1995; Seltzer et al., 1996). Thus, both TEad and TEav may receive indirect IPL connections through the STS. Another indirect pathway from the IPL to TE is through ventral occipito-temporal cortex (TEO and TEp). Projections from all seven IPL injection sites were in fact verified to these regions, especially in the lateral bank of the OTS, but extending 530 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

5 Figure 3. Photomicrographs illustrating projections to TEav, labeled by BDA injections in PG/PFG. Terminations are concentrated in layer 4 (dashed lines) of the lower bank of the amts. From case P3 (A) and P2 (B). Insets show higher magnification details from the areas indicated by the black and hollow arrows. amts, anterior middle temporal sulcus. Scale bars = 100 µm(a, B) and 10 µm (insets in A and B). into the medial bank at anterior levels (Fig. 7). Laminar termination was variable, depending on the AP level of the OTS. Posteriorly, terminations were mainly directed to layers 1, 4, 5 and 3. Finally, we analyzed four cases with injections in different parts of area TEO or TEp (Fig. 1D). Again as previously reported (Desimone et al., 1980; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992; Yukie et al., 1992), we found that projections from more ventral parts of TEO and TEp (n = 3) were selectively directed to TEav (mainly in layer 4; Fig. 8). The densest projections (from T4) formed a focus measuring 0.5 mm DV 1.5 mm AP. These were at about the same AP level as the terminations from the IPL (i.e. posterior two-thirds of amts), but were somewhat denser (cf. Figs 3 and 8). The lack of projections to TEad from case R51 (with a more lateral injection in TEO) may ref lect the relatively small size and location of the injection site. Although near the inferior occipital sulcus, the injection was ventral to several other injection sites reported in the literature (Webster et al., 1991; Saleem et al., 1993). In three cases (T3, T4 and R51, but not T5), we also observed moderate projections to the lower bank of STS, mainly in layer 4. As these foci appeared to overlap with projections from the IPL at the border of the middle and anterior portions of the STS, this may constitute an additional convergence node for connections from temporal and parietal regions. Single Axon Reconstruction In order to investigate the parietal-to-temporal projections at a finer level, seven axons were analyzed by serial section reconstruction. Five of the seven were relatively simple and terminated in the supragranular layers or in layer 1 exclusively. One of these, axon 4-1 (Fig. 9A), closely resembled feedback axons projecting from area V2 to V1 (Rockland and Virga, 1989). That is, the main axon ascended to the pia, made a right angle turn, and traveled in layer 1 for 1.0 mm, with terminations concentrated over its distal 0.60 mm (95 boutons were counted in total). Three other axons (of which one is illustrated) ascended to layer 1, but gave rise to only a small terminal tuft. All of these axons had collateral branches in layers 3 and 5 (total number of boutons were, respectively, 71, 95 and 102; Fig. 9B). The fifth axon had a larger terminal cluster in layers 1 3, with two collaterals in layer 4 (bouton count = 286; Fig. 9C). The main cluster measured 0.40 mm DV 0.50 mm AP. For all five of these axons, some terminal specializations also occurred along the main axon trunk in the subjacent layers. For axon 4-1, these were most pronounced in layer 4. Two of these axons were followed posterior, to the region of the OTS, where branches were given off to an overlying dense focus of terminations (Fig. 9A,B). Axon 4-5 was also followed in the white matter, but this time continued to the vicinity of the entorhinal cortex (Fig. 9C). Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 531

6 Figure 4. Photomicrographs of BDA-labeled projections from the IPL to TEav. (A) Terminations in layer 1, from area PG (case P4; see Fig. 1A). (B, C) Higher magnification of (A), from portions at arrowhead (B) and curved arrow (C). (D) Axon segment in layer 6, from area PF (case P1; see Fig. 1A). (E) Higher magnification of (D). Arrowheads point to corresponding features. Dashed line indicates border of layer 6 and white matter (WM). Scale bars = 100 µm(a, D) and 10 µm(b, C, E). Two other axons terminating in TEav were more complicated and had multiple arbors in layer 4. Axon 4-6 had a single large arbor ( principal arbor ) in layer 4, which was 0.95 mm DV 0.6 mm AP. Four additional smaller foci could be distinguished (Figs 10 and 11). These were separated by intervals of mm, center-to-center. The full extent of the axon, measured as a hollow square in the gray matter, was 1.8 mm DV 3.35 mm AP (bouton count 314). (This exceeds the denser core of the projection focus, the dimensions of which are given in the first section of the Results.) Axon 4-7 (not illustrated) also had a principal arbor in layer 4 (0.6 mm DV 0.25 mm AP). Another, smaller cluster was concentrated in layer 3, 0.5mm posterior to the principal arbor. Two thin branches leading to layer 4 suggested a likely third focus, but were too faint to follow. The total extent of this axon, which is somewhat incomplete, was 1.25 mm DV 2.05 mm AP in the gray matter (bouton count 147). Branched segments could easily be found in the white matter (Fig. 12); that is, at least one branched profile could be seen per section. In addition to the seven serially reconstructed axons, one long axon segment (not illustrated) was followed from layer 6 of TEav (case P4) for 2.0 mm ventral in the white matter. One collateral entered the gray matter of the perirhinal cortex and continued anterior, to the border of perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, where it became too faint to follow. Three other axon segments (not illustrated) terminated in TE (one from P4, two from P3) and also sent branches toward the rhinal sulcus. 532 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

7 Figure 5. Photomicrographs of retrogradely labeled neurons in the IPL and STS, from the FB injection into area TEav (see Fig. 1D). (A) Distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in area PFG of the IPL, mainly in layer 3. (B) Higher magnification of (A). (C) Distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the STS, in layer 3 and layers 5/6 near the junction of the fundus and upper bank. (D) Higher magnification of (C). Arrows point to corresponding features (in A and B, C and D). Scale bars = 200 µm(a, C) and 10 µm(b, D). Discussion Input to anterior TE from parietal cortex is generally considered to be indirect; for example, via parietal-recipient parts of the STS, prefrontal cortex, or area TEO (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Morel and Bullier, 1990; Baizer et al., 1991; Webster et al., 1991, 1994; Seltzer and Pandya, 1994; Seltzer et al., 1996). Direct connections are known to occur, but primarily between area LIP and TEad (Webster et al., 1994). Two previous studies, however, using large retrograde tracer injections, have reported direct connections, consistent with our results, from parts of the inferior parietal lobule to TEav (Iwai et al., 1992; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992). There are two likely explanations for why these connections have not been emphasized. First, there is the issue of tracer sensitivity. BDA is more effective for visualizing light connections than either WGA-HRP or autoradiography. Anderson et al. (Anderson et al., 1990) in fact illustrate (their fig. 18), but do not remark on, light projections from area 7b, corresponding to our case P1, to what looks like layer 6 of the upper bank of the amts. A second issue is location. Most of the projections in this investigation are within the amts, in a location that might well not ordinarily be reached by injections of retrograde tracer in TE. Thus, even large retrograde tracer injections in lateral TE might not produce label in the IPL. Thirdly, projections from the more anterior and posterior IPL (except for the middle portion, PG/PFG) are relatively sparse and could easily be missed. Given the moderate to sparse density of the projections we have demonstrated, these are unlikely to be a major sole source of parietal-temporal interactions. What inf luence they may have (potentiating? inhibitory?) in conjunction with other, denser connections will be important to determine. What are the properties of the parent neurons in the IPL, the identity of the postsynaptic populations in TEav and connectional strength or efficacy? If TEav is selectively involved in recognition memory (Saleem et al., 2000), it may be that the parietal connections contribute to aspects such as topokinetic memory (Berthoz, 1997). Consistent with memory-related functions, five (P3 P7) of the seven injection sites in the IPL also sent projections to CA1 of the hippocampus (Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1999). Moreover, TEav, but not TEad, receives direct connections from CA1 (Yukie, 2000; Insausti and Munoz, 2001; Zhong and Rockland, 2002). It may also be important that parietal areas are associated with Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 533

8 Figure 6. Photomicrographs of BDA-labeled projections from the IPL to layer 4 of STS. (A) Terminations in the lower bank of STS, from PF/PFG (case P2). (B) Higher magnification of (A). (C) Terminations in the lower bank of STS, from area PF (case P1). (D) Higher magnification of (C). (E) Terminations at the junction of the fundus and upper bank of STS, from area PFG (case P3). (F) Higher magnification of (E). Dashed lines indicate border between layer 6 and the white matter. Scale bars = 200 µm(a, C, E) and 10 µm(b, D, F). spatial representations which encode locations and objects of interest in several egocentric reference frames (Colby and Goldberg, 1999). In a recent fmri study in monkeys, the amts has specifically been implicated in a network of areas that are co-activated during tasks having to do with three-dimensional shape processing (Sereno et al., 2002). Direct connections from the IPL would be a plausible substrate. Another fmri study, in humans, reported robust and consistent somatosensory 534 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

9 Figure 7. Photomicrographs of anterogradely labeled projections. (A) Dense projections from case P4 terminating in the depth of the OTS, in what is probably TEp. Bouton density is shown at higher magnification in (B). As an indication of relative bouton density, (C) shows light-to-moderate projections from case P3 to TEav (section 625). L, lateral; M, medial. Scale bars = 200 µm(a) and 10 µm(b, C). Figure 8. Photomicrographs of anterogradely labeled projections from ventral TEO to TEav. (A) Terminal focus (arrows) is mainly in layer 4 of TEav (case T4). (B) Higher magnification of (A). Line drawing (lower right) shows the position of terminations, in the lower bank of the amts (at star). L, lateral; M, medial. Scale bars = 100 µm(a) and 10 µm(b). activation in occipito-temporal cortex and suggested that object-related brain areas may hold both visual and haptic representations of objects (Amedi et al., 2001). Direct and Indirect Connectional Loops The combination of sparse direct and dense indirect connections is a common feature of cortical architectures, and even of connectional loops in general [see, for example, Nambu et al. (Nambu et al., 2002), concerning the hyperdirect corticosubthalamo-pallidal pathway]. In the early visual system, a small number of direct bypass projections have been reported from V1 to V4 and from V2 to TEO. The direct connections have been interpreted as important in timing mechanisms (Nakamura et al., 1993), but the actual significance is not known. In another, more recent example, a small number of neurons have been reported in auditory association cortex that project directly to primary visual cortex, especially in the calcarine fissure (Rockland and Ojima, 2001; Falchier et al., 2002). Presumably, the direct pathway operates in conjunction with multiple other, more indirect pathways between these regions, although both Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 535

10 Figure 9. Camera lucida reconstructions of three axons originating from an injection in area PG (case P4) and terminating in the superficial layers of TEav. Axon 4-1 (A) ascends in a relatively straight course from the whiter matter to layer 1, without giving off collaterals. In layer 1, it turns dorsally (to the left) and travels for 1.0 mm, with terminations along the distal mm. Axon 4-3 (B) has some terminations in layers 3 and 5, and only a small terminal tuft in layer 1. These two axons continue further in the white matter for 3.65 mm (4-1) and 4.30 mm (4-3), to the region of the OTS (sections 599 and 578, respectively). Branches are emitted to an overlying projection focus in the OTS, which, however, was too dense to allow further reconstruction. The main axons turn from this point toward the injection in the IPL. Axon 4-5 (C) has an arbor ( 0.40 mm DV 0.50 mm AP), concentrated in layers 1 3. The main axon continues in the white matter, to the vicinity of entorhinal cortex (EC). Distalmost portions in axon 4-5 may be incomplete (as indicated by short double lines). For all three axons, numbers correspond to individual tissue sections, where larger numbers are progressively more anterior. The location of the three axons is indicated on the coronal section outline. WM, white matter (at dashed lines). the specific architecture and functions require further elucidation. As one attempt to evaluate connectional density, it may be useful to compare our results with those in other retrograde tracer experiments of direct bypass connections. Falchier et al. (Falchier et al., 2002), after retrograde tracer injections in area V1 in the calcarine fissure, report 236 labeled neurons, from 34 sections, in auditory areas; 408 in the superior temporal polysensory area; and 1300 in the STS complex (their case M88). In other words, the weaker direct connections in auditory areas originate from about one-fifth the number of neurons as the denser indirect connections from the STS. This is within range of our results (where there were 11 neurons per counting box in the IPL and 59 in the STS). The neuron number in auditory areas is less than the total number of neurons (677) that we counted in the IPL. Similarly, the number of labeled neurons in the IPL is greater than the number of neurons given by Nakamura et al. (Nakamura et al., 1993) as projecting from V2 to TEO (for four cases: 33, 89, 218 and 225). In addition to direct connections from the IPL to TEav, there are several other, indirect routes for potential interaction between parietal and temporal areas. One is through the STS. Previous studies have emphasized dense connections from the IPL to the upper bank and fundus of the STS (Seltzer and Pandya, 1978, 1994; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Anderson et al., 1990; Seltzer et al., 1996), regions preferentially connected with TEad (Saleem et al., 2000). Some connections from the posterior (Seltzer et al., 1996) and anterior (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989) IPL have been noted to the lower bank as well, but our material indicates that these terminations are also relatively dense. As TEav is connected with the lower bank of the STS (Saleem et al., 2000), we conclude that both TEad and TEav may be receiving indirect parietal connections through the STS. In the case of TEav, however, these are combined with direct inputs as well. Another route for indirect parieto-temporal interactions is through the ventral part of occipito-temporal cortex (TEO and TEp). This region receives dense connections from the posterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989). According to our observations, all seven IPL injections projected ventrally, especially in the lateral bank of the OTS. This region, in turn, projects both to TEav and, in a reciprocal loop, back to the IPL (Iwai et al., 1992; Rockland, 2003). The integrity of this network linking the IPL, TEav and ventral 536 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

11 Figure 10. Camera lucida reconstruction (through 83 sections) of axon 4-6, from area PG (case P4). This axon has a single large arbor (at *), 0.95 mm DV 0.6 mm AP,mainly in layers 3 and 4. There are four additional small foci (hollow arrows), separated by intervals of µm. The main axon was followed in the white matter until section 692 (dashed lines and large arrow), without branches. However, one branch continued in the gray matter to the anterior OTS (section 611), where it was lost in a dense projection focus. Two small arrows (at 611) demarcate an ascending collateral, shown with a gap for the sake of clarity. The positions of portions of the axon at two AP levels are indicated by arrowheads on the coronal section outlines. Conventions as in Figure 9. PIA, pial surface of the brain. occipito-temporal cortex is supported by the pattern of collateral branching. That is, three of our seven reconstructed axons from area PG had branches to TEav as well as the lateral bank of the OTS. A third route is through the CA1 sector of the hippocampus. This region receives direct connections from several parts of the IPL (Saleem and Hashikawa, 1998; Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1999; Yukie, 2000), from the amts (personal observation) and from adjoining parts of ventromedial TE (Rockland and Van Hoesen, 1999; Yukie, 2000; Insausti and Munoz, 2001; Zhong and Rockland, 2002). The connections with ventromedial TE are reported to be reciprocal (Yukie, 2000). While the effectiveness and significance of these convergent routes are currently unknown, it nevertheless seems that there are multiple opportunities for cross-talk between the classical ventral and dorsal processing streams (Iwai et al., 1987; Martin-Elkins and Horel, 1992; Saleem and Tanaka, 1996; Roe and Ts o, 1997; Hendry and Reid, 2000; Saleem et al., 2000). Continued physiological studies also provide evidence of cross-talk. For example, many inferotemporal cells selectively respond to depth profiles (Janssen et al., 2000); and it has been suggested that the range of visual information submodalities used in the dorsal and ventral pathways may overlap, since they are useful both for guidance of movements and for identification of objects (Tanaka, 2000). Task dependency and cognitive requirements also influence visual processing in dorsal and ventral streams (Fias et al., 2002). Interestingly, recent reexamination of connections from V1 to V2 has provided new evidence for cross-talk, even in the early visual pathway (Sincich and Horton, 2002). Laminar Organization It is well-known that laminar patterns can provide useful hints about the functional relationships of interconnected areas (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983). According to the classical criteria used for early visual areas, the most prominent IPL connections, from area PG/PFG to layer 4, could be considered feedforward ; those from area PF, to layer 6, could be feedback ; and those from PG to layers 1, 4 and 6 would be mixed. Reciprocal projections, from the OTS to the mid-ipl, are to layer 1 and 6 (near the lateral sulcus) or in a columnar pattern (Rockland, 2003). One explanation of the complex laminar patterns is that the terminations are part of subtotal projections. With greater convergence and density, these might coalesce in a columnar pattern. A second consideration is that both the IPL and anterior TE consist of interconnected subfields (Pandya and Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 537

12 Figure 11. Photomicrographs illustrating portions of axon 4-6 (from Fig. 10, at *). (A) Arbor in layer 4. (B, C) Higher magnification of (A). Arrows point to corresponding features. Scale bars = 50 µm(a) and 20 µm(b, C). Figure 12. Photomicrographs showing a typical branched segment in the white matter, anterogradely labeled from an injection in area PFG (case P3). (A) Segment near amts with two branches (solid and hollow arrows). (B) Higher magnification of (A). Arrows point to corresponding features. Scale bars = 100 µm(a) and 10 µm(b). 538 Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland

13 Seltzer, 1982; Janssen et al., 2000; Lewis and Van Essen, 2000; Sereno et al., 2002). Thus, the laminar termination patterns may ref lect complex higher order connectivity, where the shortrange connections between parietal areas interact and converge with extrinsic connections to TEav in laminar-specific manners to recruit particular neuronal subpopulations. In fact, beyond the early sensory areas, laminar termination patterns become increasingly difficult to interpret. Terminations in the upper layers of entorhinal cortex, for example, are not feedback (Wellman and Rockland, 1997; Rockland, 2002) and subtle differences have been noted in the pattern of feedforward TEO to TE terminations, compared with the feedforward terminations from TE to perirhinal cortex (Saleem and Tanaka, 1996). The issue is further complicated when individual axons branch to several targets. As we have demonstrated, branched connections occur between TEav and the OTS, and between TEav and the posterior rhinal sulcus, areas that would be classified at different levels of the standard hierarchy (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Functional Architecture Electrophysiological and optical imaging studies have demonstrated a modular organization in area TEad, where neurons with similar response properties occur in clusters 0.5 mm in diameter (Tanaka, 1996). Terminal clusters of 0.5 mm have also been demonstrated anatomically, both for intrinsic connections within IT (Fujita and Fujita, 1996) and extrinsic connections from area TEO (Saleem et al., 1993). Less information is available concerning the functional architecture of TEav. Physiological studies show some differences between TEad and TEav. That is, cells in TEav are found to be more difficult to activate and they respond more strongly to more colorful objects (Tamura and Tanaka, 2001). Our single axon data would be consistent with some kind of columnar organization in TEav as the terminations consist of multiple foci, spaced mm apart. Moreover, the largest arbors in layer 4 measure mm, a size roughly consistent with that of functional clusters in TEad. Terminations in layer 1 are 1.0 mm in length, perhaps crossing over multiple columns. Notes We would like to thank Michiko Fujisawa for expert assistance with manuscript preparation and Dr Manabu Tanifuji for helpful discussion and commentary on the manuscript. The work was supported by research funding from RIKEN Brain Science Institute. Four of the parietal injections had been used in previous studies at the University of Iowa. Address correspondence to: Kathleen S. Rockland, Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama , Japan. rockland@ brain.riken.go.jp. References Amedi A, Malach R, Hendler T, Peled S, Zohary E (2001) Visuo-haptic object-related activation in the ventral visual pathway. Nat Neurosci 4: Anderson RA, Asanuma C, Essick G, Siegel RM (1990) Corticocortical connections of anatomically and physiologically defined subdivisions within the inferior parietal lobule. J Comp Neurol 296: Baizer JS, Ungerleider LG, Desimone R (1991) Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaque. J Neurosci 11: Berthoz, A (1997) Parietal and hippocampal contribution to topokinetic and topographic memory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 352: Bonin G von, Bailey P (1947) The neocortex of Macaca mulatta. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth. Cavada C (2001) The visual parietal areas in the macaque monkey: current structural knowledge and ignorance. Neuroimage 14:S21 S26. Cavada C, Goldman-Rakic PS (1989) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: I. Parcellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections. J Comp Neurol 287: Cheng K, Saleem KS, Tanaka K (1997) Organization of corticostriatal and corticoamygdalar projections arising from the anterior inferotemporal area TE of the macaque monkey: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study. J Neurosci 17: Colby CL, Goldberg ME (1999) Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 22: Cusick, CG, Seltzer B, Cola M, Griggs E (1995) Chemoarchitectonics and corticocortical terminations within the superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey: evidence for subdivisions of superior temporal polysensory cortex. J Comp Neurol 360: Desimone R, Fleming J, Gross CG (1980) Prestriate afferents to inferior temporal cortex: an HRP study. Brain Res 184: Ding S-L, Van Hoesen G, Rockland KS (2000) Inferior parietal lobule projections to the presubiculum and neighboring ventromedial temporal cortical areas. J Comp Neurol 425: Distler C, Boussaoud D, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG (1993) Cortical connections of inferior temporal area TEO in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 334: Economo C von (1929) The cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebral cortex. London: Oxford University Press. Falchier A, Clavagnier S, Barone P, Kennedy H (2002) Anatomical evidence of multimodal integration in primate striate cortex. J Neurosci 22: Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC (1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate. cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 1:1 47. Fias W, Dupont P, Reynvoet B, Orban GA (2002) The quantitative nature of a visual task differentiates between ventral and dorsal stream. J Cogn Neurosci 14: Fujita I, Fujita T (1996) Intrinsic connections in the macaque inferior temporal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 368: Gross CG (1994) How inferior temporal cortex became a visual area. Cereb Cortex 4: Hendry SH, Reid RC (2000) The koniocellular pathway in primate vision. Annu Rev Neurosci 23: Insausti R, Munoz M (2001) Cortical projections of the non-entorhinal hippocampal formation in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Eur J Neurosci 14: Iwai E, Yukie M, Suyama H, Shirakawa S (1987) Amygdalar connections with middle and inferior temporal gyri of the monkey. Neurosci Lett 83: Iwai E, Kondo Y, Ayama M, Yukie M (1992) Interaction between form and spatial vision systems: connectivity between inferotemporal and inferior parietal cortices in the macaque. In: Development and involution of neurons (Fujisawa K, Morimatsu Y, eds), pp Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press. Janssen P, Vogels R, Orban GA (2000) Selectivity for 3D shape that reveals distinct areas within macaque inferior temporal cortex. Science 288: Lavenex P, Suzuki WA, Amaral DG (2002) Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: projections to the neocortex. J Comp Neurol 447: Logothetis NK, Sheinberg DL (1996) Visual object recognition. Annu Rev Neurosci 19: Lewis JW, Van Essen DC (2000) Mapping of architectonic subdivisions in the macaque monkey, with emphasis on parieto-occipital cortex. J Comp Neurol 428: Martin-Elkins CL, Horel JA (1992) Cortical afferents to behaviorally defined regions of the inferior temporal and parahippocampal gyri as demonstrated by WGA-HRP. J Comp Neurol 321: Maunsell JH, Van Essen DC (1983) The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 3: Morel A, Bullier J (1990) Anatomical segregation of two cortical visual pathways in the macaque monkey. Vis Neurosci 4: Nakamura H, Gattass R, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG (1993) The modular organization of projections from areas V1 and V2 to areas V4 and TEO in macaques. J Neurosci 13: Nambu A, Tokuno H, Takada M (2002) Functional significance of the Cerebral Cortex May 2003, V 13 N 5 539

14 cortico-subthalamo-pallidal hyperdirect pathway. Neurosci Res 43: Pandya DN, Seltzer B (1982) Intrinsic connections and architectonics of posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 204: Rockland KS (2002) Visual cortical organization at the single axon level: a beginning. Neurosci Res 42: Rockland KS (2003) Non-uniformity of extrinsic connections and columnar organization. J Neurocytol (in press). Rockland KS, Ojima H (2001) Calcarine area V1 as a multimodal convergence area. 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. Abstract 27:1342. Rockland KS, Van Hoesen GW (1999) Some temporal and parietal cortical connections converge in CA1 of the primate hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 9: Rockland KS, Virga A (1989) Terminal arbors of individual feedback axons projecting from area V2 to V1 in the macaque monkey: a study using immunohistochemistry of anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 285: Roe AW, Ts o EY (1997) The functional architecture of area V2 in the macaque monkey. In: Cerebral cortex (Rockland KS, Kaas JH, Peters A, eds), vol. 12, pp , New York: Plenum Press. Rolls ET (2000) Functions of the primate temporal lobe cortical visual areas in invariant visual object and face recognition. Neuron 27: Saleem KS, Hashikawa T (1998) Connections of anterior inferotemporal area TE and perirhinal cortex with the hippocampal formation in the macaque monkey. Soc Neurosci Abstr 24:898. Saleem KS, Tanaka K (1996) Divergent projections from the anterior inferotemporal area TE to the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 16: Saleem KS, Tanaka K, Rockland KS (1993) Specific and columnar projection from area TEO to TE in the macaque inferotemporal cortex. Cereb Cortex 3: Saleem KS, Suzuki W, Tanaka K, Hashikawa T (2000) Connections between anterior inferotemporal cortex and superior temporal sulcus regions in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 20: Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1978) Afferent cortical connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 149:1 24. Seltzer B, Pandya DN (1994) Parietal, temporal, and occipital projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: a retrograde tracer study. J. Comp. Neurol. 343: Seltzer B, Cola MG, Gutierrez C, Massee M, Weldon C, Cusick CG (1996) Overlapping and nonoverlapping cortical projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: double anterograde tracer studies. J Comp Neurol 370: Sereno ME, Trinath T, Augath M, Logothetis NK (2002) Three-dimensional shape representation in monkey cortex. Neuron 33: Sincich LC, Horton JC (2002) Divided by cytochrome oxidase: a map of the projections from V1 to V2 in macaques. Science 295: Suzuki WA, Amaral DG (1994) Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: cortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 350: Tamura H, Tanaka K (2001) Visual response properties of cells in the ventral and dorsal parts of the macaque inferotemporal cortex. Cereb Cortex 11: Tanaka K (1996) Inferotemporal cortex and object vision. Annu Rev Neurosci 19: Tanaka K (2000) Curvature in depth for object representation. Neuron 27: Webster MJ, Ungerleider LG, Bachevalier J (1991) Connections of inferior temporal areas TE and TEO with medial temporal-lobe structures in infant and adult monkeys. J Neurosci 11: Webster MJ, Bachevalier J, Ungerleider LG (1994) Connections of inferior temporal areas TEO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys. Cereb Cortex 4: Wellman BJ, Rockland KS (1997) Divergent cortical connections to entorhinal cortex from area TF in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 389: Yukie M (2000) Connections between the medial temporal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal formation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). J Comp Neurol 423: Yukie M, Takeuchi H, Hasegawa Y, Iwai E (1990) Differential connectivity of inferotemporal area TE with the amygdala and the hippocampus in the monkey. In: Vision, memory and the temporal lobe (Iwai E, Mishikin M, eds), pp New York: Elsevier. Yukie M, Hikosaka K, Iwai E (1992) Organization of cortical visual projections to the dorsal and ventral parts of area TE of the inferotemporal cortex in macaques. Soc Neurosci Abstr 18:294. Zhong YM, Rockland KS (2002) Connections between the anterior inferotemporal cortex and CA1 of the hippocampus in monkey. 3rd Forum of European Neuroscience, Abstract Inferior Parietal Lobule Projections to Anterior TE Zhong and Rockland