9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 Working memory short-term memory + active manipulation of information
3 Wisconsin card sorting test Image generated in PEBL: The Psychology Experiment Building Language (
4 Errors of perseveration The task is switched number, shape, or color. The switch is signaled only by feedback on whether choices are right or wrong. Lesions of prefrontal cortex subjects have trouble switching.
5 Delayed-match-to-sample task Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Diagram of monkey performing delayed-match-to -sample task, with a graph of results (spikes/second).
6 Persistent neural activity In many brain areas, a transient stimulus can cause a persistent change in neural activity. This is a neural correlate of short-term memory.
7 Radial arm maze Hippocampal lesion causes working memory deficit. Rats can t seem to remember which arms they have just visited. Food (a) An eight-arm radial maze (b) The path taken by a rat when all arms contain food (c) A rat that's learned that only four arms contain food will not visit the other unbaited arms. Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Parts b and c adapted from Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993.
8 Place cells Neural basis of cognitive maps? Image removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
9 Nondeclarative memory
10 Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning U and C: unconditioned and conditioned S and R: stimulus and response before conditioning: US evokes UR conditioning: pairing of CS and US after conditioning: CS evokes CR
11 Timing requirements CS simultaneous with US CS preceding US by short interval though there are exceptions
12 Instrumental (operant) conditioning make reward conditional on a particular behavior e.g. Thorndike s puzzle box
13 Aplysia californica California sea hare Courtesy of Genevieve Anderson. Used with permission. Photo Genevieve Anderson.
14 Gill withdrawal reflex Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 25.4 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
15 Habituation reflex: siphon touch causes gill withdrawal with repetition, the amplitude of the response decreases
16 Abdominal ganglion Image removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 25.5 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
17 Reflex arc What part of this neural circuit changes during habituation? Sensory neuron Siphon skin Motor neuron L7 Gill muscle Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure 25.6 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
18 Decrease in efficacy of sensory to motor neuron transmission Stimulate Record from presynaptic neuron V m Presynaptic neuron V m Record from postsynaptic neuron Postsynaptic neuron Stimulus number Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure 25.7 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
19 Sensitization Pairing siphon touch with an electrical shock makes the gill withdrawal larger. If this pairing is repeated, the effect is longer-lasting. The shock may follow the touch by up to 0.5 seconds.
20 Wiring diagram for sensitization Sensitizing stimulus Siphon L29 Head Sensory neuron Motor neuron Gill muscle Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure 25.8 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
21 Serotonergic modulation shock causes L29 to release serotonin presynaptic serotonin receptors activate adenylyl cyclase camp is generated and activates PKA PKA phosphorylates potassium channels, reducing conductance the action potential becomes longer more calcium enters, so there is more release
22 Schaffer collateral LTP (in vitro) Diagram and pair of graphs removed due to copyright restrictions.
23 Molecular basis of memory Receptor phosphorylation Receptor insertion Protein synthesis
24 Protein synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis can prevent memory consolidation.
25 CREB (a) CREB-2 CRE No transcription GENE DNA (b) CREB-1 CREB-2 CRE GENE (c) Phosphorylated P CREB-1 P CRE GENE Transcription Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
26 In vivo imaging of dendritic spines Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Figure 1 in Trachtenberg, J. T. et al. "Long-term in Vivo Imaging of Experience-dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Adult Cortex." Nature 420 (2002): doi: /nature01273.
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