Suppressive effect of pectic polysaccharides extracted from Rauwolfia

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1 Asin Pcific journl of Tropicl Medicine Contents lists vilble t ScienceDirect IF: Asin Pcific Journl of Tropicl Medicine ELSEVIER journl homepge: Document heding doi: 1O.16/S (14) Suppressive effect of pectic polyscchrides extrcted from Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill.vr.hinnensis Tsing on inflmmtion by regultion of NF- K B pthwy nd interleukin-17 in mice with dextrn sulphtesodium-induced ulcertive colitis l Xiu-Pu Mio *, Xio-Ning Sun', Lu-ji Cui', Qin-Tng Co', Gui-Feng Zhung'', To-Zhi Deng', Dong-Yn Zhng' Deprtment ofgstroenterology, Hinn ProvincilPeople'sHospitl, Hikou City , Hinn Province, Chin Deprtment ofgstroenterology, The Affilited Hospitl ofhinn Medicl College, Hikou City 5703, Hinn Province, Chin 1 2 AR TICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Received 15 November 2014 Received in revised fonn 20 December 2014 Accepted 15Jnury2015 Avilble online20 Februry 2015 Objective: To investigte the effects of pectic polyscchrides extrcted from Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill.vr.hinnensis Tsing on n experimentl murine colitis model. Methods: Experimentl colitis ws induced by dextrn sulfte sodium (OSS), nd mice were divided into 4 s:, OSS lone, OSS, OSS plus pectic polyscchrides. The disese ctivity index (OAI) nd histologicl score were observed. The tumor necrosis fctor (fnf)- nd interleukin (IL)-17 levels were mesured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent ssy. I Ie Bnd NF- Ie B p65 expression were ssessed by western blot nlysis. Myeloperoxidse (MPO) ctivity ws determined by using MPO ssy kit. Results: Administrtion of pectic polyscchrides significntly reduced the severity of OSS-induced colitis s ssessed by OAI nd histologicl score, nd resulted in down regultion of MPO ctivity nd NF- Ie B p65 expression nd subsequent degrdtion of I Ie B protein, strikingly reduced the production of TNF- nd IL-17. Conclusions: Pectic polyscchrides extrcted from Ruvolji verticillt (Lour.Bill.vr. hinnensis Tsing exerts beneficil effects in experimentl colitis nd my therefore provide useful therpeutic pproch for the tretment of DC. Keywords: Pectic polyscchrides Ulcertive colitis Nucler fctor Dextrn sulfte sodium-induced colitis Interleukin Introduction Ulcertive colitis (UC) is one of the idiopthic forms of inflmmtory bowel disese (IBD). It is chronic, relpsing inflmmtory disese of the colon, chrcterized by ulcers in the colon nd rectum. The etiology is still lrgely unknown. Environmentl nd genetic fctors in combintion with the microbil flor or specific microorgnisms trigger n event, leding to the ctivtion of n intestinl immune responseltl. Immune nd non-immune cells crete cross tlk vi the secretion of soluble meditors nd expression of cell *Corresponding uthor. Mio, MD, Deprtme nt of Gstroen terology, Hi nn Provincil People's Hospitl, Hikou City Hinn Province, Chin. Tel nd Fx: E-mil: mioxinpu@l63.com Foundtion project : It is supported by Ntionl Nturl Science Foundtion of Chin (Grnt No ) nd Nturl Science Foundtion of Hinn Province (Grnt No ). dhesion molecules, resulting in further cell ctivtion[i,2]. Meditors such s cytokines nd chemokines ply role in cell recruitment nd polriztion, intercellulr signl mplifiction or ctivtion nd differentition. Considering these spects, medicl mngement of inflmmtory bowel disese hs chnged considerbly over the pst decdelsl, Although much progress hs been mde in the mngement of the disese, definitive cusl therpies for humn UC until now re not vilble. In fct, 5-minoslicyclic cid nd its derivtives re still the drugs of choice for current medicl tretment; corticosteroids, zthioprine, mercptopurines nd cyclosporine re used in more severe forms of the disese. However, the therpies not only show limited benefits but lso hve serious side effectsl-l. Plnt-sourced formultions purportedly possess nti-inflmmtory nd rdicl scvenging properties. Despite the lck of sufficient informtion on

2 Mio Mio et et l.!asin l./asin Pcific Pcific Journl Journl o/tropicl of Tropicl Medicine Medicine the sfety of herbl products, their use s lterntive nd/or complementry medicine is globlly populr. Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill.vr.hinnensis Tsing is n erect evergreen shrub growing wild in the islnds of Hinn. The dried root of Ruwolji verticillt (Lour.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing, ccording to the Phrmcopei of the People's Republic of Chin (20 ed), is trditionl Chinese herbl medicine. It hs been erlier shown to possess n nti-inflmmtory effect. In Chin, Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing hs been extensively used for more thn yers in the tretment for lowering blood pressure, treting rrhythmi nd tumors. However, ruwolfi is rrely used to cure UC. Severl reserches found the pectin obtined from Ruvolfi serpentin 1. could inhibit colitis in mice[5j. However, no systemtic studies on its nti-inflmmtory ctivity nd mechnisms hve been reported. It is widely ccepted tht ctivtion of the nucler fctoric B (NF- IC B) signling pthwy nd overexpression of ssocited cytokines such s tumor necrosis fctor- (TNF- ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-lO, nd interferon- y (IFN- Y ) ply key roles in the development of UC[6,7J. NFIC B regultes the expression of multiple pro-inflmmtion genes nd is thus key plyer in mintining immune system homeostsis. Thus, inhibition of NF- IC B nd its ssocited molecules my be novel therpeutic tool [8]. An incresing number of studies hve focused upon the role of Th17 cells in the pthogenesis of UC. Th17 cells develop from nive T lymphocytes through distinct pthwys from clssicl Th1 nd Th2 cells. Th17 cells secrete IL17, which promotes the recruitment of inflmmtory cells into the intestinl mucos vi its bility to enhnce the synthesis of chemottrctnts nd dhesion molecules on epithelil, endothelil nd mesenchyml cells. It hs been generlly ccepted tht Th-17 probbly ply key role in the occurrence nd development of UC[9,lO]. Therefore, we hypothesized pectic polyscchrides from Ruvolfi verticillt (Lour.jllill.vr.hinnensis Tsing could exert its nti-inflmmtory effect on UC by inhibiting the ctivtion of NF- IC B signling pthwy. In this study, we extrcted pectic polyscchrides from Ruvolji verticillt (Lour.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing nd elucidted the effects of nti-inflmmtory in murine model of dextrn sulfte sodium ()-induced colitis, which resembles humn UC, in order to provide experimentl evidence tht pectic polyscchrides serves s possible tretment for ptients with uc. 2. Mteril nd methods 2.1. Pectic polyscchride extrcted from Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing Ruwolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing ws obtined from the Jinfengling Ntionl Forest Prk of Ledong Ii utonomous county, Hinn province, Chin. The extrct method of pectic polyscchride ws in ccord with Popov et l[5j. Briefly, the rootstock (5 g) dried t 40 C ws treted with diluted net (up to ph 4.4 ) t 50 C for 3 h nd the mteril obtined ws extrcted with 0.7% queous mmonium oxlte. A polyscchride frction ws precipitted with four volumes of 96% ethnol. After centrifugtion t 80 g for min, precipitte ws collected nd dried t 40 C. Subsequently, the precipitte ws dissolved in distilled wter nd stored t -20 C Animls A totl of 40 femle BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old, g) were purchsed from the Huxi Medicl Animl Center of Sichung University (Sichung, Chin). All nimls were cclimted under stndrd conditions nd mintined in 12-h lightl12-h drk cycle t temperture of 23 C± 1 C with 55%±5% humidity. The nimls were mintined with free ccess to stndrd diet nd tp wter. All experimentl procedures were pproved by the locl Animl Cre nd Use Committee, nd were conducted following the guidelines of the niml cre policy Drugs nd regents ws purchsed from Beijing Bitb Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, Chin). Slicylzosulf-pyridine (, used s positive drug) ws purchsed from Fud Phrmceuticl Co. Ltd (Chin). The mice TNF- nd IL-17 enzyme-linked immunosorbent ssy (ELISA) Kit, product of Rnd D Systems (United Sttes), ws obtined from Shnghi Chunxing Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shnghi, Chin). The ntibodies used in this study were nti-nf- IC B p65 (b16502, Abcm), nti-inhibitor ofnf- IC B (I IC B) (b32518, Abem), Got nti-rbbit IgG were purchsed from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhn, Hubei province, Chin) Induction ofcolitis BALB/c mice were rndomly ssigned to the following s (n=lo per ):, lone (), (0 mg/kg), plus pectic polyscchrides (2 p. L). Colitis ws induced in BALB/c mice by dding (moleculr weight: kd; MP Biomedicls) to drinking wter t level of 4% for 7 dys. Control nimls were given wter only. After 7 d, ws then removed from the drinking wter nd the nimls received 2 p. L of norml sline ( nd UC ) or (0 mg! kg, UC ) or 2 p. of pectic polyscchrides (UC plus pectic polyscchrides ) orlly ech dy. All of the mice were scrificed by cervicl disloction fter 14 dys.

3 Mio et l./asin Medicine Mio et l.!asin Pcific Pcific Journl Journl of of Tropicl TropiclMedicine 2.5. Evlution ofdisese ctivity index The mice were checked dily for colitis bsed on body weight monitoring, gross rectl bleeding, nd stool consistency. The disese ctivity index (DAI) ws ssessed in ccordnce with the method described by Murno et l[ll]. The DAI ws ssessed by n investigtor who ws blind to the experimentl s Smple collection nd histopthologicl exmintion Mice were then scrificed, nd the colon nd rectum were dissocited. After removl of the entire colon nd rectum, the totl length ws mesured, nd the colon ws then opened longitudinlly, gently wshed with ice-cold sline nd blotted dry with filter pper. The colon tissue ws then weighed nd cut into severl segments. A l-cm colon segment 2 em from the nus ws fully expnded, ffixed to filter pper, nd then fixed in % neutrl formlin. The tissues were then embedded in prffin, stined with hemtoxylin nd eosin, nd ssessed under light microscopy. Colonic dmge ws scored s described previously. The remining colon tissue ws stored t -80 C for biochemicl mesurements, Western blot nlysis nd EUSA nlysis peroxidse- conjugted nti-rbbit IgG ntibody. Protein bnds were detected using enhnced chemiluminescence detection kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) nd visulized by exposure to photogrphic film. Finlly, the densitometry vlues of ech protein nlyte normlized to GADPH were compred Myeloperoxidse ctivity Myeloperoxidse (MPO) ctivity, n index of leukocyte recruitment, ws mesured with myeloperoxidse ssy kit ccording to the mnufcturer's instructions (CytoStore, Albert, Cnd). 2.. Sttisticl nlysis Sttisticl nlyses were performed using SPSS softwre 11.5 for Windows. All results re expressed s men±sd. Quntittive dt were tested for homogeneity of vrince. If the vrince ws homogeneous, one-wy ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test ws used. Comprisons between s of nonprmetric dt were mde using the Kruskl-Wllis test followed by the Mnn-Whitney U test. P < 0.05 ws considered significnt 2.7. Determintion of/l-17 nd TNF- level The murine colon tissues were used for cytokines EUSA nlysis. In ddition, the murine colon homogentes were obtined by hndwork, nd centrifuged t 3 0 rpm, min. The mounts of cytokines in the superntnts for TNF nd IL-17 were determined by EUSA ccording to the mnufcturer's instructions Western blot nlysis Nucler nd cytoplsmic extrcts were prepred using nucler nd cytoplsmic protein extrction kit (Beyotime, Chin). Briefly, colon tissues (pproximtely 80 mg) were homogenized in cytoplsmic extrction buffer. Tissue homogentes were rpidly lysed by vortexing. The homogente ws centrifuged t 12 0 g for min t 4 C nd proteins were collected from the superntnt. The pellets were re-suspended in 50 p. L of nucler protein extrction buffer, lysed by ultrsound in n ice wter bth, nd then centrifuged to yield the nucler frction. Protein concentrtion ws mesured with BCA protein ssy kit. Protein smples (50-80 p. g) were seprted using 8%-12% SDS-PAGE gels nd trnsferred onto PVDF membrnes. The membrnes were blocked with 5% skim milk in Trisbuffered sline with Tween 20 for 2 h t room temperture nd then incubted with primry ntibodies to nti-nfl( B p65 nd nti-i I( B, t 1:1 0-1: 0 dilution overnight t 4 C. Then, the membrne ws wshed 3 times for min ech nd incubted with horserdish 3. Results 3.1. Effects of pectic polyscchrides on colonic mucosl dmge in -induced colitis After induction of colitis with, the colonic mucos showed congestion, erosion, nd hemorrhgic ulcertions. DAI score were monitored ech dy. Mice given 4% in their drinking wter for 7 d developed symptoms of colitis. Compred with mice, the DAI vlue ws significntly greter from dy 9 to 14 in mice treted with (p<0.05, Tble 1).Compred to the DC, the colitis symptoms were relieved from dy 12 to 14 in mice of the DCplus pectic polyscchrides nd DC Tretment of mice with pectic polyscchrides nd significntly meliorted experimentl colitis s ssessed by DAI nd histologicl injury scores. As shown in Tble 1 nd Figure 2. Compred with norml, the DAI scores were incresed mrkedly in mice with -induced colitis (p<0.05, Tble 1). There re no sttisticlly significnt between the two drug tretment s. After induction of colitis with, Histologicl findings demonstrted mrked epithelil destruction, inflmmtory infiltrtion, crypt distortion, nd submucosl edem (Figure 1). The given norml sline showed no histologicl ltertions. Similrly, mice given exhibited virtully the sme norml histology with no inflmmtory cell infiltrtion, oedem or crypt bscesses. Severe submucosl oedem, erosion, ulcertion, inflmmtory

4 Mio Mio et et l.!asin l./asin Pcific Pcific Journl Journl /Tropicl of Tropicl Medicine Medicine cell infiltrtion nd extensive destruction of mucosl lyer were observed in the mucos' of DC nimls. DC plus pectic polyscchrides reveled ttenution in inflmmtion, chrcterized by suppression of erosion, ulcertion, reduction in inflmmtory cellulr infiltrte, nd protection ginst epithelium dmge, lthough oedem ws still existed (fble 2). Tble 11 Tble DAI of colitis in in micefrom mice from fours. four s. DAI ofcolitis (n=lo) (n=) 1st dy 9th 9th dy dy 12th dy 14th dy 1stdy 12thdy 14thdy b Ob Control b Ob 0b 0b Control 6.53± 依 ± 依 ± 依1.49,b,,b,,b, 1.14±1.12.b, 6.14±1.23 plus 6.14依 ±1.l6 2.98依 依1.12,b, b 1.25±1.27 b 6.22±1.26 D S S plus p l u s pectic p e c t i c 6.22依 ±1.27b 3.02依 依1.27 polyscchrides polyscchrides Femle BALB/c BALB/c mouse mouse were were given given 4% 4%,, in in their their drinking drinking wter wter Femle during the first 7 dys, excepted mouse. S ubsequently, ws during the first 7 dys, excepted mouse. Subsequently, ws removed, nd nd the the nimls nimls received received norml norml sline sline ( ( nd nd removed, ) ) or or (DC (UC plus ) ) or or pecticpolyscchrides pectic polyscchrides (DC (UC plus pecticpolyscchrides pectic polyscchrides ) ) orlly orlly ech ech dy. dy. TheDAI The DAI vlue vlue ws ws plus clculted s s described described underexperimentl. under experimentl. clculted P <0.05 <0.05 vs. vs. ; ; bb P P< 0.05 vs. vs... p < Effects ofpectic polyscchrides on expressionofnfb p65 nd I Ie B- model Effects of pectic polyscchrides on myeloperoxidse ctivity Evlution of leukocyte recruitment ws ssessed by the mesurement of myeloperoxidse ctivity. As shown in Tble 2, MPO ctivity levels were low in the colonic tissues of norml mice nd mrkedly incresed in mice with -induced colitis. However, MPO ctivity ws significntly lower in mice with pectic polyscchrides nd thn those with -induced colitis (P<0.05). A: A: B: B: Ie When mice were treted with 4%, the levels of NF- Ie B p65 were significntly incresed, otherwise I Ie B- protein ws decresed in colonic tissue (Figure 2). In the cse of NF- Ie B p65, tretments with Pectic polyscchrides nd resulted in decrese of expression. However, I Ie B protein ws incresed in DC plus pectic polyscchrides nd DC, when compred with DC in murine colon tissues by Western blot (P<0.05, Tble 3) Effects of pectic polyscchrides on TNF- nd interleukin-6 serum levels IL-17 nd TNF- re considered importnt inflmmtory meditors tht ply key role in the pthogenesis of DC. In norml stimultion, colon cells relese of pro-inflmmtory cytokines, including IL-17 nd TNF- is protective in fighting off pthogens like bcteri, for exmple. To determine the effect of Pectic polyscchrides on mjor inflmmtory cytokines in the colon, we determined the levels of IL-17nd TNF- (Figure 3). After 7 d of dministrtion, the levels of IL-17nd TNF- incresed significntly. Pectic polyscchrides nd ; Likewise, IL-17 nd TNF- were down regulted in colon culture superntnts of DC ptients by cultured with pectic polyscchrides nd (Figure 4B).These results indicted tht pectic polyscchrides hve ntiinflmmtory effects in the -induced colitis mouse plus cc: D: plus plus pectic pectic polyscchrides polyscchrides D: Figure 1. Hemtoxylin nd eosin stining (mgni ction X 0) of colonic mucosl tissue section from mice (A, norml, n=lo), (B, + sline, n=lo), (C, +, n=lo), plus pectic polyscchrides (D, + pectic polyscchrides, n=). Compred with tht of norml s, colon of treted mice showed complete destruction of epithelil rchitecture with loss of crypts nd epithelil integrity, submucosl edem, nd intense inflmmtory cellulr in ll lyers. Pectic polyscchrides nd tretment ttenuted morphologicl dmge but showed mild cellulr infiltrte. Tble 22 Tble Effect of of pectic pectic polyscchride polyscchride on on clinicl clinicl indices indices nd nd histologicl histologicl Effect injury scores. scores. Injury Histologicl nn Histologicl scores scores bb ,,b plus "b, b pluspecticpolyscchrides plus pectic polyscchrides ,b b P<0.05 vs. vs. ; ; bp<0.05 P<0.05 vs. vs.. P<0.05.

5 Mio et l.!asin Pcific Pcific Journl Journl of of Tropicl TropiclMedicine Mio et l./asin Medicine NF-kB P65 NF-kB P65 K BB-毩 II 毷 GADPH GADPH A A B B c C D D Figure 2. Western blot results disply protein expression of NF-kB P651I K B in the colonic tissues. A: ;B: ;C: plus pectic polyscchrides ; 0: plus. The expression of NF- K B P65 ws incresed in -treted mice, which ws mrkedly inhibited in pectic polyscchrides nd treted mice. In contrst, the expression of I K B protein ws decresed in -treted mice compred with norml, but incresed significntly fter tretment of petie polyscchrides nd. P<O.05 versus nd norml, ech, n=lo. Tble 33 Tble Western blot blotresults disply protein protein expression expression of ofnf-kb P65/1 毷 K B B毩 Western results disply NF-kB P65/I in colonic tissues. in the thecolonic tissues. NF- 毷 K B B P65 P65 nn NF 24.47依 ±3.83bb 54.62依 ±1l.45",b plus plus 29.64依 ±7.64b,b plus pluspectic polyscchrides 31.41依 ±8.43b pectic polyscchrides P<0.05 P<O.05 vs. ; ; bbp<0.05 P<O.05 vs. vs... vs. concentrtion of cytokinse (pg/mg protein) =. "8c, bo S b:b o ' =.s "= o 0 o Control 2 2 :.;i K BB-毩 II 毷 43.18依 ±2.13 bb 18.16± 依4.19,b 37.71±3.88b 37.71依3.88,b 39.28±3.75b 39.28依3.75 IL-17 IL-17 TNF TNF-毩 plus Figure 3. Pectic polyscchrides reduced proinflmmtory cytokines production in colitis. After 14 d, mice were scrificed nd colon tissues were used for evluting the levels ofil-17 ndtnf- byelisa nlysis. 4. Discussion UC is chronic, relpsing disese tht cuses inflmmtion nd ulcertions of the colonic mucos with vrible extent nd severity. The etiology of UC remins essentilly unknown but the results from mny studies in humns nd niml models suggest tht it is relted to n bnorml immune response in the gstrointestinl trct, possibly ssocited with genetic nd environmentl - minly microbil - fctors[12j. Aminoslicyltes, glucocorticoids nd immunosuppressive drugs hve been minly used for the tretment nd mintennce of remission of UC, but the side effects or toxicity of these drugs represents mjor clinicl problem[13,14j. For these resons, nturl medicine hs become n lterntive therpy in ddition to the conventionl therpies tht re used to tret UC. In the present study, we demonstrted tht pectic polyscchrides extrcted from Ruvolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill.vr.hinnensis Tsing hs n nti-inflmmtory effect on colonic injury provoked by orl supplementtion with in mice. -induced colitis is well-estblished model tht is phenotypiclly similr to UC in humns[15j. Orl dministrtion of for severl dys, leds to colonic epithelil lesions nd cute inflmmtion chrcterized by the presence of neutrophils nd mcrophges within dmged segments. The reson for the deleterious effects of is not well understood, however, epithelil cell permebility nd mcrophge ctivtion hve been proposed s potentil mechnisms[16j. We dministered pectic polyscchrides to evlute the role of tretment with this product. The results presented herein clerly indicted tht pectic polyscchrides efficiently relieved the symptoms of -induced colitis in mice. In this study, we showed tht pectic polyscchrides decresed DAI scores in mice with -induced colitis, mitigted colitis-induced histologicl dmge by suppression of erosion, ulcertion, reduction in inflmmtory cellulr infiltrte. To further chrcterize the nture of the inhibitory effect of pectic polyscchrides on pro-inflmmtory proteins production, the NF- f( B signl trnsduction pthwy ws exmined. NF- f( B is the mjor trnscription fctor which medites inflmmtory signling[17.18j. A lrge number of studies showed tht NF- f( B plyed brod regultory role in ulcertive colitis, promoted expression of vrious proinflmmtory cytokines including IL-17 nd TNF-. NFf( B exists minly s heterodimer composed of subunits of the ReI fmily, p50 nd p65. In resting stge, NF- f( B normlly loclizes to the cytoplsm, where it is bound by I f( B- protein. During inflmmtory stimulus, I f( B- is phosphorylted by I f( B kinse, subsequently degrded by protesome, then NF- f( B gets relesed nd trnsloctes into the nucleus, where it triggers the trnscription of multiple genes involved in inflmmtory cscde[19j. The results of this study suggested tht pectic polyscchrides incresed the production of I f( B- protein nd decresed the expression of NF- f( B p65.these indicted tht pectic polyscchrides exhibited nti-inflmmtory effects on ulcertive colitis which might be due to the inhibition of NF- f( B signl trnsduction pthwys[20j. In pthologicl conditions, including oxidtive stress, toxicity, colon cells cn be over stimulted nd produce excess pro-inflmmtory cytokines which result in inflmmtory bowel disese like UC. IL-17 nd TNF- hve been described s key molecule in UC pthogenesis[21j. These cytokine, recruits leukocytes to inflmmtory sites, stimultes monocytes nd vsculr endothelil cells to express cytokines, induces the cscde effects for other cytokines, nd finlly results in inflmmtory lesions in tissues. Our dt showed tht pectic polyscchrides

6 Mio Mio et et l.!asin l./asin Pcific Pcific Journl Journl o/tropicl of Tropicl Medicine Medicine reduced protein expression of IL-17 nd TNF- in mice with -induced colitis. These results suggested tht pectics exerted nti-inflmmtory effects in DC. The results consisted with previous studies. The reduction of inflmmtory meditors IL-17 nd TNF- fctor-kppb in inflmmtory lung disese. Inflmm Allergy Drug Trgets 20; 9(3): [7] Ppdkis KA, Trgn SR. Role of cytokines in the pthogenesis of in inflmmtory bowel disese. Annu Rev Med 20; 51: expression induced by pectic polyscchrides cn be correlted with its ntioxidnt properties. The effects of ntioxidnt gents hve been scribed by some uthors to inhibition of ctivtion of the NF- I<: B, which is ctivted by ROS with the subsequent induction nd expression of vrious cytokines (such s IL-17) tht re involved in the [8] Psprkis M. Role of NFRev 2012; 246(1): induction nd development of DC. A previous study hs demonstrted the bility of pectic polyscchrides to modulte mcrophge function through inhibition of chemotxis nd phgocytosis. Mcrophges re one of the min sources of cytokines tie. IL-17 nd TNF ), therefore, possible modultion of mcrophge ctivity by pectic polyscchrides could influence the decrese in cytokine production. This result suggests n importnt role for pectic polyscchrides s modultor of the immune system nd should be tken into ccount for future investigtions. In conclusion, the results showed tht pectic polyscchrides extrcted from Ruvolfi verticillt (Lour.) Bill.vr.hinnensis Tsing is ble to prevent body weight loss nd colon shortness, s well s incresed the production of I I<: B- protein, decresed the expression of NF- I<: B p65, inhibited the level of IL-17 nd TNF-. Ruvolfi verticillt (l.our.) Bill. vr. hinnensis Tsing might meliorte ulcertive colitis nd exhibit its ntiinflmmtory effects vi incresed expression of I I<: B- proteins nd suppressing NF- I<: B trnsloction. Conflict of intereststtement We declre tht we hve no conflict of interest. References [1] Khor B, Grdet A, Xvier RJ. Genetics nd pthogenesis of inflmmtory boweldisese. Nture 2011; 474(7351): [2] Ords I, Eckmnn L, Tlmini M, Bumgrt DC, Sndborn WJ. Ulcertive colitis. Lncet 2012; 380(9853): [3] Ktz JA. Advnces in the medicl therpy of in inflmmtory boweldisese. Curr Opin Gstroenterol 22; 18: [4] Reddy JG, Loftus Jr EV. Sfety of in iximb nd other biologic gents in the in inflmmtory bowel diseses. Gstroenterol Clin NorthAm 26; 35: [5] Popov SV,Vinter VG,Ptov OA, Mrkov PA, Nikitin IR, Ovodov RG, et l. Chemicl chrcteriztion nd ntiinflmmtory effect of ruvolfin, pectic polyscchrideof Ruvolficllus. Biochemistry (Mosc) 27; 72: [6] Imnifooldi AA, Yzdni S, Nourni MR. The role of nucler I<: B in epithelil biology. Immunol [9] Kobyshi T, Okmoto S, Hismtsu T, Kmd N, Chinen H, Sito R, et l. IL 23 differentillyregultes the Thltrh17 blnce in ulcertive colitis nd Crohn's disese. Gut 28; 57(12): [1O]Geremi A, Jewell DP. The IL-23/11-17 pthwyin inflmmtory bowel disese. Expert Rev Gstroenterol Heptol 2012; 6(2): [11]Murno M,Memur K,HirtI, ToshinK, Nishikw T, Hmmoto N, et l. Therpeutic effect of intrcoloniclly dministerednucler fctor kpp B (P65) ntisenseoligonucleotide on mouse dextrn sulphte sodium ()-induced colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 20; 120: [12]Kser A, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS.Inflmmtory bowel disese. Annu Rev Immunol201O; 28: [13]Burger D, Trvis S. Conventionl medicl mngement of inflmmtory boweldisese. Gstroenterology 2011; 140(6): [14]Crio E.Commensl-innte immune miscommuniction in led pthogenesis. Dig Dis 2012; 30(4): [15]Goyl N, Rn A, Ahlwt A, Bijjem KRV, Kumr P. Animl models of inflmmtory bowel disese: review. Injlmmophrmcology 2014; 22: [16]O'Connor PM, Lpointe TK, Beck PL, Buret AG. Mechnisms by which inflmmtion my increse intestinl cncer risk in inflmmtory bowel disese. Inflmm Bowel Dis 20; 16(8): [17]Sweeney CJ, Mehrotr S, Sdri MR, Kumr S, Shortle NH, Romn Y, et l. These squiterpene lctone prthenolide in combintion with docetxel reduces metstsis nd improves survivl in xenogrft model of brest cncer. Mol Cncer Ther 25;4: [18]Hehner SP, Heinrich M, Bork PM, Vogt M, Rtter F, Lehmnn V, et l. Sesquiterpenelctones specilly inhibit ctivtion of NF- I<: B by preventing the degrdtion of1 I<: B- nd 1 I<: B-. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: [19]Tnk K, HsegwJ, Asmitsu K, Okmoto T. Prevention of the ultrviolet B-medited skin photoging by nucler fctor- I<: B inhibitor, prthenolide. J PhrmcolExp Ther 25; 315: [20]Weber CK, Lipty S, Wirth T, Adler G, Schmid RM. Suppression of NF-kpp ctivity by sulfslzine is medited by direct inhibition of Kpp kinseslph nd bet. Gstroenterology 20; 119: [21]Chbud M, Pge G, Miossec P. Enhncing effect of IL-l, IL17, nd TNF-lph on mcrophge inflmmtory protein-3lph production in rheumtoid rthritis: regultion by soluble receptors nd Th2 cytokines. J Immunol21; 167():