OBSERVATIONS. 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 7.36pm, basal diameter 3.9pm, dimorphic

Transcription

1 OBSERVATIONS MALVACEAE Tribe Decaschistieae Decaschistia Wight & Arn. In India the genus is represented by three species. Of the total of 22 species, know at present, 18 occur in the lndo - China Peninsula. In India, it occurs as an under growth in dry deciduous forest, scrub jungles and adjoining grasslands at an altitudinal range m. Decaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( um), x =(63.44pm), 0 = (3pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 9.75pm. Exine 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 7.36pm, basal diameter 3.9pm, dimorphic spines: blunt and curved). lnterspinal distance 5.85pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig. I). Decaschistia rufa Craib. ; spheroidal: grain size range ( glum), x =(82.87pm), CJ =(4.34pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.46pm), lnterporal distance 11.91pm. Exine 6.60pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 14.76pm, basal diameter 6.5pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 11.48pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.2, 3).

2 Decaschistia trilobata Wight. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(50.75pm), (J =(3.29pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.32pm), lnterporal distance 5.85pm. Exine 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 6.78pm, basal diameter 3.9pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 7.28pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.4, 5,313). Tribe Gossypieae Gossypium L. Gossypium is a large genus includes cultivated cottons, its wild relatives, and about 50 species of pantropical distribution. Several species are cultivated for commercial cotton in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Gossypium arboreum L. 6-zonoporate; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(87.49pm), o = (3.58pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.71pm), lnterporal distance 21.23pm. Exine 2.6pm thick, being 5.08~ at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 6.93pm, basal diameter 3.15pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 7.53prn, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.6, 7,8,314). Gossypium barbadense L. LG: 6-zonoporate; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm). x=(107.34pm), CJ = (6.81pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.5pm), lnterporal

3 distance 16.03pm. Exine 2.04pm thick, being 6.5pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 9.lpm, basal diameter 3.77pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved, basal cushion well developed). lnterspinal distance 4.16pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( lpm), x=(80.97~m), (T = (8.57pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.76pm), lnterporal distance 11.05pm. Exine 1.17pm thick, being 6.5pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 5.75pm, basal diameter 2.34pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved). lnterspinal distance 5.52pm (Fig.9, 10). Gossypium herbaceum L. 6-zonoporate; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm). x =(86.71pm), o = (9.17pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 12.02pm. Exine 1.40pm thick, being 5.85pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 6.31pm, basal diameter 3.38pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 6.76pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.1 I, 12, 315, 316). Thespesia soland. ex Corr. The genus Thespesia comprises 17 species of which 3 were represented in India. Two species (T. lampas, T.populnea) are widely distributed in the west coast of Southern peninsular lndia.

4 Thespesia lampas Cav. Pantocolporate; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(65.35pm), o =(8.27pm). Endocolpium circular (diameter 4.61pm), lnterporal distance 13.18pm. Exine 3.38pm thick, being 5.72pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 6.79pm, basal diameter 2.6pm, tip acute; basal cushion: well developed), lnterspinal distance 13pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.13, 14, 317). Thespesia populnea L. LG: Pantocolporate; ; grain size range ( pm), - x =(65.14pm), 0 =(3.59pm). Endocolpium circular (diameter 5.2pm), lnterporal distance 17.76pm. Exine 2.6pm thick, being 6.06pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 6.5pm, basal diameter 2.38pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 5.9pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), < =(50.44pm), o =(2.77pm). Endocolpium circular (diameter 4.55pm), lnterporal distance pm. Exine 4.55pm thick, being 6.5pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 6.5pm, basal diameter 2.81prn, tip acute) (Fig.l5,16, 17).

5 Tribe. Hibisceae Abelrnoschus Medik. Abelmoschus is a small genus of about fifteen species distributed in the south and south East Asia and northern Australia, is reported to have seven species in India, of which six species occur in the peninsular part. Abelrnoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wt.& Am. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (107.31prn), o = (6.07pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.24pm), lnterporal distance 16.12pm. Exine 2.79pm thick, spinate (Spine: height 18.85pm, basal diameter 5.59pm, dimorphic spines: blunt and curved). lnter spinal distance 14.95pm; lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.18, 19,318). Abelrnoschus esculentus (L) Moench. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (71.91pm), o = 6.49pm. Pore circular (diameter 6.43pm), lnterporal distance 12.13pm. Exine 3.57pm thick, spinate (Spine: height 10.4pm, basal diameter 5.09pm, dimorphic spines: blunt and divisibaculate). lnter spinal distance 8.23pm; lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.20, 21, 22, 23, 24). Abelrnoschus ficulneus (L) Wt. & Am. ; spheroidal; grain size range (78-104pm), x = (89.7pm), o = (8.69pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.72pm), lnterporal distance 18.2pm.

6 Exine 3.32pm thick, spinate (Spine: height 18.56pm, basal diameter 4.97pm, tip blunt). lnter spinal distance 12.44pm; lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.25, 26). Abelrnoschus rnanihot (L) Medik. L.G:, spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x= (121.03pm), o = (7.02pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.82pm), lnterporal distance 11.58pm. Exine 3pm thick, spinate (Spine: height 21.19pm, basal diameter 5.2pm, tip acute and slightly curved). lnter spinal distance 10.89pm; lnterspinal region granulose. S.G: grain size range ( pm), 2 = (93.92pm), o = (6.45 prn) (Fig.27,28). Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. L.G: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm)), - x = (109.72pm), o = (9.04vm). Pore circular (diameter 4.66pm), lnterporal distance (17.87pm). Exine 3.25pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base, spinate (Spine: height 17.29pm, basal diameter 5.85pm, tip acute, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnter spinal distance 16.41pm; lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x = (82.61 pm), o = (6.07pm). (Fig.29, 30).

7 Fioria Mattei. The genus Fioria include three species, widely distributed in the tropics. It is usually found growing along roadsides and waste places and occasionally occurs in semi evergreen and deciduous forests. Fioria vitifolia L. (Morphotype I) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (78-104pm),; =(85.28pm), o=(8.46pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.55pm), lnterporal distance 10.66pm. Exine 4.55pm thick, being 6.63pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 15.21pm, basal diameter 5.72pm, dimorphic spines: acute and slightly curved, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 8.35prn, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x =(67.27pm), 0 =(3.19pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.22pm). Exine 4pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base. spinate (spine: height 13.97pm, tip acute and cuwed) (Fig.31, 32,319). Fioria vitifolia (Morphotype II) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x= (87.23pm), o =(4.84pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.17pm), lnterporal distance 12.30pm. Exine 5.81pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 15.08pm, basal diameter 6.63pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 13.13pm, lnterspinal region granulose.

8 SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(60.58pm), o =(8.10pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.29pm), lnterporal distance 12.30pm. Exine 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 13.26pm, basal diameter 6.63pm, tip acute) (Fig.33, 34, 35, 320). Hibiscus L. Hibiscus is a large genus with about 200 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the world. The genus is represented by 28 species, of which 20 species occur in the southern peninsular part. Several species are ornamentals and others grow along roadsides, wastelands and scrub jungles. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(97.58prn), r~ =(6.10pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.25pm), lnterporal distance 8.85pm. Exine 5.46pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 11.78pm, basal diameter 4.94pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 6.7pm, lnterspinal region granulose. (Fig ). Hibiscus canescens Heyne ex Wall. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(104.56pn), o =(194pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.94pm), lnterporal distance 14.3pm. Exine 5.01pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 13.21pm, basal diameter 5.72pm, tip blunt), lnterspinal distance 15.08pm, lnterspinal region foveolate.

9 SG: grain size range ( prn), ; = (74.26pm), a = (4.74pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.38pm), lnterporal distance 12.74pm. Exine 4.68pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 12.56prn, basal diameter 3.79pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 14.62pm (Fig.38). Hibiscus hirtus L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x=(77.51pm), D =(5.66pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.08pm), lnterporal distance 8.6pm. Exine 2.86pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 11.7pm, basal diameter 5.63pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 7.15pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.39, 40). Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith. (Morphotype I) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm). - x =(100.l prn), (T =(11.31 pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.5pm), lnterporal distance 13.92pm. Exine 4.55pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 24.4pm. basal diameter 6.92pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved). lnterspinal distance 18.40pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.41). Hibiscus hispidissirnus (Morphotype II) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( prn), ; = (97.91 pm), a = (6.33pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.04pm), lnterporal distance 16.9pm.

10 Exine 6.24pm thick, being 9.36pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 16.57pm, basal diameter 7.15pm, basal cushion: slightly formed; tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 10.4pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.42, 43). Hibiscus hispidissimus (Morphotype Ill) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( ~m), i=(96.95pm), o=(5.87pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.95prn), lnterporal distance 15.22pm. Exine 6.5pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 20.56pm, basal diameter 6.5pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.44,45). Hibiscus hispidissimus (Morphotype IV) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (78-91pm), x =(86.12pm), o =(3.3pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.83pm), lnterporal distance 11.48pm. Exine 6.28pm thick, spinate (spine: height 12.67pm, basal diameter 5.94pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 8.72pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( lpm), x=(69.06pm), o =(3.05pm). Pore circular (diameter 526pm), lnterporal distance 6.5pm. Exine 5.46pm thick, spinate (spine: height 13.58pm, basal diameter 3.64pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 10.58pm (Fig.46, 47,48).

11 Hibiscus jurcatus L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(83.85pm), 0 =(10.02pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.98pm), lnterporal distance 9.lpm. Exine 2.92pi-n thick, spinate (spine: height 14.08pm, basal diameter 4.11pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 11.05pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.49, 50, 51). Hibiscus lintus L. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x= (98.54pm), o = (8.23pi-n). Pore circular (diameter 5.2vm), lnterporal distance 13.3pm. Exine 3.25pm thick, spinate (spine: height 13.65pm, basal diameter 6.5pm, tip blunt ). lnterspinal distance 13.5pm, Inter spinal region foveolate. SG: grain size range ( pm), x = (31.55pm), o = (5.57pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 13.3pi-n. Exine 3.25~~1 thick, spinate (spine: height 9.lpm basal diameter 6.61~1~7, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 13.25pm (Fig.52, 53). Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze. (Morphotype I) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(68.9pm), o =(9.55pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.72pm), lnterporal distance 9.36pm. Exine4.09pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 9.36pm, basal diameter 3.44pm, tip cu~ed). lnterspinal distance 6.89pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.54, 55).

12 Hibiscus lobatus (Morphotype 11) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x =(94.20pm), o =(5.67pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.2pm), lnterporal distance 13.65pm. Exine 6.5pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 16.83pm, basal diameter 5.2pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 10.92pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(73.14pm), o =(4.88pm). Pore circular(diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 9.5pm. Exine 4.81pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 14.12pm, basal diameter 4.03pm, tip acute) (Fig.56). Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(77.87pm), 0 =(3.55pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.94ym), lnterporal distance 14.95pm. Exine 3.32pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 11.44~1~1, basal diameter 4.35~171, tip blunt; basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 13pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.57). Hibiscus micranthus L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(60.17)lm), rr =(6.03pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.07)lm), lnterporal distance 8.26pm. Exine 4.55pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height

13 8.68~1~7, basal diameter 4.68pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved. basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 6.73pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.58). Hibiscus mutabilis L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( prn), 2 =(94.61pm), 0 =(4.43pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.81 pm), lnterporal distance 11.7pm. Exine 5.15~~1 thick, being 6.5pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 16.12pm, basal diameter 5.85pm, basal cushion: slightly formed, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 11.26pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.59, 60). Hibiscus ovalifolius Vahl. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( prn), x = (58.14pm), o= (3.42prn). Pore circular (diameter 5.04prn), lnterporal distance 10.66pm. Exine 3.32prn thick, spinate (spine: Height 7.98prn, basal diameter 4.66pm. tip acute). lnterspinal distance 11.45pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.61). Hibiscus panduriformis Burrn. f. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( prn), ;=(72.93pm), o =(10.06pm). Pore circular (diameter 5prn), lnterporal distance 9.1 pm. Exine 4.55pm thick, being 7.02pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 9.75pm,

14 basal diameter 5.2prn, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 10.4pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.62, 63). Hibiscus platanifolius (Willd) Sweet. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(97.17pm), o =(10.34pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.3pm), lnterporal distance 28.22prn. Exine 4.26pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 12.3prn, basal diameter 6.68pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 16.14pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.64, 65). Hibiscus radiatus Cav. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(78.18pm), o =(6.44prn). Pore circular (diameter 4.82pm), lnterporal distance 7.3pm. Exine 3.30pm thick, being 5.85pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 10.48pm, basal diameter 3.25pm, tip acute and cu~ed, Basal cushion : well developed). Interspinal distance 9.lpm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.66). Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), =(82.74pm), o =(6.25pm). Pore circular (diameter 7.05pm), lnterporal distance 10.92pm. Exine 3.91~m thick, spinate (spine: Height 10.4pm, basal diameter 5.09prn, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 8.23pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.67).

15 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), i=(86.84~lm), 0 =(3.84pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.55pm), lnterporal distance 8.01 pm. Exine 3.73pm thick, spinate (spine: height 11.7pm, basal diameter 2.7pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved). lnterspinal distance 7.15pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.68, 69). Hibiscus schizopetalus (Masters) Hook. f. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( vm), x =(77.3pm), 0 =(4.06pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.8pm), lnterporal distance 12.80pm. Exine 4.27pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 13pm, basal diameter 5.74pm, tip blunt, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 9.90pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.70, 71.72). Hibiscus sreenarayanianus Anil & Ravi. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(83pm), o =(5.72pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.85pm), lnterporal distance 6.5pm. Exine 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 12.53pm, basal diameter 5.2pm, dimorphic spines: acute and curved). lnterspinal distance 7.15pm, lnterspinal region granulose(fig.73,74).

16 Hibiscus surattensis L. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x=(110.63pm), ~=(6.58prn). Pore circular (diameter 5.72pm), lnterporal distance 12.35pm. Exine 5.46pm thick, being 7.54pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 14.69pn-1, basal diameter 6.12pm, tip acute,basal cushion:slightly formed). lnterspinal distance pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(85.62pm), cr =(ll.olprn). Pore circular (diameter 6.24pm), lnterporal distance 10.02pm. Exine 6.5pm thick, being 7.8pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 13.34pm, basal diameter 3.57pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 12.13pm (Fig.75, 76). Hibiscus syriacus L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(96.01pm), cr =(14.92pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.12pm), lnterporal distance 16.25pm. Exine 2.86pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 10.4pm, basal diameter 3.35pm, dimorphic spines: verrcuate and acute). lnterspinal distance 14.04pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.77). Hibiscus tiliaceus L. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(I 15.95pm), IS =(10.96pm). Pore circular (diameter 7.15pm), lnterporal distance 13pm.

17 Exine 3.9pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 16.64pm, basal diameter 4.45pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 13.92pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm),~=(89.37pm), o =(8.85pm). Pore circular (diameter 6.38pm), lnterporal distance 10.58pm. Exine 4.63pm thick, spinate (spine: Height Ilpm, basal diameter 3.79pm, tip acute). Interspinal distance 12.13pm (Fig.78, 79, 80). Hibiscus trionum L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(75.3pm), o =(8.29pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.84pm), lnterporal distance 7.58pm. Exine 5.2pm thick, spinate (spine: Height (LS - 8.9pm, SS pm), basal diameter 4.22~~1, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 6.06pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.81, 321). Kydia Roxb. Kydia, a native of India, generally occurs in semi evergreen and moist deciduous forests of ghats. The bark fibre is used for cordage and rope and the mucilaginous substances, obtained from the stem, is used for clarifying sugar. The wood is used for matches, packing cases, pencils and plywood.

18 Kydia calycina Roxb. ; spheroidal. grain size range ( pm), x =(50.1 9pm), o =(3.36pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.96pm), lnterporal distance 2pm. Exine 2.27pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 4.05pm, basal diameter 1.3prn, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 5.16pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.82, 322). Tribe Malvavisceae Malachra L. Malachra is a small neotropical genus of about 8-10 species, of which only one occurs in India. The plant grows in waste places and dumping grounds through out the tropics especially on the hotter part of the country. The stem fibre is used for cloth, twines and ropes. Malachra capitata L. ; spheroidal; grain size range (7&97.5pm), ;=(86.61pm), o =(6.4vm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 7.36prn. Exine 4.33pm thick, being 5.63pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 11.48pm, basal diameter 3.25pm, tip acute, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 7.lpm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig. 83,84).

19 Malvaviscus Fabr. Malva viscus is a small genus of about five species mainly distributed in the neotropics; of which two species M. atboreus and M. pendulif7orus are introduced in south and south East Asia. Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC., Prodr. (Morphotype I) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), - x= ( pm), o =(5.55pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.63prn), lnterporal distance 15.6pm. Exine 8.32pm thick, spinate (spine: height 12.87pm, basal diameter 5.85pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 21.06pm. lnterspinal region granulose. MG: grain size range (52-65pm), x = (57.36pm), o = (4.41pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.81 pm), lnterporal distance 12.02pm. Exine 6.06pm thick, spinate (spine: height 11.05pm, basal diameter 4.16pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 8.32~~1. SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(41.88pm), o = (6.06pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.04prn), lnterporal distance 10.14pm. Exine 4.04pm thick, spinate (spine: height 8.28prn, basal diameter 1.56pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 5.2pm (Fig.85, 86).

20 Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Morphotype II) ; spheroidal;.grain size range ( pm), x= (95.76pm), 5 = (6.45pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 9.lpm. Exine 1.84pm thick, spinate (spine: height 9.62pm, basal diameter 5.07pm, dimorphic spines: blunt and verrucate). lnterspinal distance 15.6pm, Inter spinal region granulose (Fig.87). Pavonia cav. Pavonia includes 250 species, of which more than 150 are South American. Three species of Pavonia occur in the drier parts of Southern Peninsular India. They are commonly seen in scrub jungles among bushes; hill slopes and as an under growth in dry deciduous forests. Pavonia burchellii (DC) Dyer. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(67.92pm), o=(8.7pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 11.7pm. Exine 3.85pm thick, spinate (spine: height 11.7pm, basal diameter ~ tip ~ acute). lnterspinal distance 7.15pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.88,89). Pavonia odorata Willd. ; spheroidal; grain size range (61.I-74.1 pm), x =(68.33pm), o =(3.4pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.33pm), lnterporal distance 10.4pm. Exine

21 3.2pm thick, spinate (sp~ne: height 11.7pm, basal diameter 4.5pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 11.05pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.90, 91, 323). Urena L. The genus Urena with about six species includes both endemic and pantropical species. It is represented in India by two wide spread species, U. lobata and U. sinuata. It occurs as weeds along roadsides and wastelands. Urena lobata L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(75.77pm), CI =(3.63prn). Pore circular (diameter 4.81pm), lnterporal distance 12.13pm. Exine 5.57pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 12.35pm, basal diameter 4.87prn, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 12.13pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig. 92, 93, ). Urena sinuata L. ; spheroidal; grain size range (65-87.lprn), ;=(79.08prn), o=(5.85pm). Pore circular (diameter 4.31pm), lnterporal distance 7.8prn. Exine 6.5pm thick, spinate (spine: Height 14.79pm, basal diameter 6.74pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 8.23pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.95, 96).

22 Tribe. Malveae Abutilon Miller. Abutilon with about 200 species is distributed in the tropics and sub tropics. The genus is represented by 13 species in India of which 7 species grow along roadsides and waste lands. A shrub cultivated for fibre for making ropes. Abutilon hirturn (Lam.) Sweet. 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x=(43.85x53.82pm), a =(5.10x5.57pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.9pm). Exine 1.10pm thick, being 2.97pm at the spine base, spinate (spine:height 3.29pm, basal diameter 0.83pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 1.69pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.97). Abutilon hybridurn L. LG:3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x = (48.53x55.17pm), o =(2.66x2.23pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 4.91pm). Exine 2.16pm thick, spinate (spine:height 3.77~~4 basal diameter 2.6pm, tip acute, basal cushion: not well developed). lnterspinal distance 6.17pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( ~ pm), x=(35.53x42.79pm), n =(2.86x 3.22pm) (Fig.98, 99,100).

23 Abutilon indicum (L) Sweet (Morphotype I) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x =(48.55~56.25pm),o =(4.27x3.91 pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.9pm). Exine 2.06pm thick, being 3.9pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.25pm, basal diameter 1.4pm, tip acute, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 3.03pm, interspinal region foveolate (Fig.101, 102). Abutilon indicurn (Morphotype II) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x =(45.64 x 52.86pm), o = (4.22 x 3.51 vm). Ectocolpium faint and endocolpium circular (diameter 3.25pm). Exine 1.62pm thick, being 3.17pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.31pm, basal diameter 1.51pm, tip acute, basal cushion: slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 3.46pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig. 103). Abutilon megapotamicum St. Hil & Naud. LG: 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( ~ pm), x=(58.5x71.24pm), o=(4.19x6.94pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.77pm). Exine 2.27pm thick, spinate (spine: height

24 2.92pm, basal diameter 0.97pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 4.55pm, lnterspinal region foveolate. SG: grain size range ( ~ pm), x= (33.8x41.43pm), o =(5.36x4.2~m) (Fig.104, 105). Abutilon neelgerrense (Munro ex wt.) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x 39-65prn), - x =(43.5x50.87prn), o =(5.2x7.37pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 2.9pm). Exine 1.65~ thick, being 4.08pm at the spine base, spinate (spine:height 2.73pm, basal diameter 1.13prn, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 1.82pm, interspinal region foveolate (Fig. 1 06). Abutilon pannosum (Forster. F.) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x=(34.97 x 44.72pm), o =(2.87 x 2.26ym). Ectocolpium faint and endocolpium circular (diameter 3 25pm). Exine 1.4pm thick, being 3.97pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.29pm, basal diameter 0.89pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 1.3pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.l07,108).

25 Abutilon persicurn (Burrn.f.) (Morphotype 1) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x=(32.5 x 41.12pm), 0 =(2.53 x 3.55pm). Ectocolpiurn faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 2.27prn). Exine 1.65pm thick, spinate (spine: height 0.97pm, basal diameter 0.65prn, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 4.27~~1, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.109, 11 0,325,326). Abutilon persicurn (Morphotype II) 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm). - x=(32.42 x 40.37pm), 0 =(3.49 x 4.28pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.25prn). Exinel.78prn thick, spinate (spine: height 0.82prn, basal diameter 0.65pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 4.84pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.1 I). Abutilon rarnosurn Cav. 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), - x=(42 x 48.16pm), 0=(2.80 x 2.42prn). Ectocolpiurn faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.57prn). Exine 2.97pm thick being 4.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.43pm, basal diameter 1.08pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 3.35prn, interspinal region granulose (Fig.112, 113).

26 Abutilon striaturn Dickson ex Lindl. 3-zonocolporate; suboblate; grain size range ( x pm), x=(34.27 x 42.28pm), o =(2.46 x 3.02pm). Ectocolpium faint and the endocolpium circular (diameter 3.25pm). Exine 2.45pm thick, being 3.15pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.42pm, basal diameter 0.97pm, tip acute, basal cushion: slightly developed). lnterspinal distance 3.2pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig. 114, 115). Alcea L. Alcea with about 60 species is distributed in the temperate and tropical parts of Europe and Asia. Among them A.rosea has become almost cosmopolitan in cultivation as an ornamental plant. Althaea rosea L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(88.46pm), o =(6.77pm). Pore circular (diameter 5.85pm), lnterporal distance 7.8pm. Exine 4.74pm thick, spinate (spine: height LS (13.76pm) and SS (9.01pm), basal diameter 4.64pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 9.26pn-1, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.116, 11 7).

27 Lavatera L. Herbs with branching downy stems. Leaves lobed. Flowers peduncled. ripe carpels numerous, surrounding a prominent conical torus. Seed solitary, ascending, distributed chiefly Mediteranean. Lavatera rosea L. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm),x=(72.65pm), cr = (2.71pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 4.8pm. Exine 2.76pm thick, spinate (spine: height 7.8pm, basal diameter 4.42pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 5.2pm. lnterspinal region granulose. MG: grain size range ( pm), x=(51,74pm), G = (7.68pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 4.12prn, exine 2.5pm thick, spinate (spine: height 6.24pm, basal diameter 3.8pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 4.8um. SG: grain size range (26-39pm), x=(30.55pm), o =(5.58pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.6pm), lnterporal distance 3.8pm, exine 2.51m thick. spinate (spine: height 3.38pm, basal diameter 1.3pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 3.68pm (Fig.118, 119).

28 Herissantia Medik. Herissantia is a small neo tropical genus of four species. One represented in India, widely distributed species H. crispa. Among the others three species two are endemic to Brazil while the other is restricted to Mexico. Herissantia crispa L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), i=(39.65pm), o =(I.56pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 6.5pm. Exine 1.3~ thick, being 2.95pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.13pm, basal diameter 1.43pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 4.21 pm, Interspinal region granulose (Fig.120, 327). Malva L. The genus Malva comprising about 40 species from Europe, Africa and the Middle and Far East. Seven species of this genus occur in India; most of them confined either to cultivation or as weeds in the northern temperate zone. Three species occur in the southern peninsular part. Malva parviflora L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(41.86pm), o =(1.72pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.64pm), lnterporal distance 3.64pm. Exine 2.90pm thick, spinate (spine: height LS: 3.55pm, SS: 2.1pm, basal

29 diameter 1.3pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance I pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.121, 328). Malva verticillata L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(52.8lvm), o =(2.67pm). Pore circular (diameter 1.71 pm), lnterporal distance 5.46pm. Exine 2.99pm thick, spinate (spine: height 4.99pm, basal diameter 1.3pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 1.5pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.122, 123). Malvastrurn A. Gray. The genus is considerd to be American with about 200 species. In India this genus is represented only by two species, M. amencanurn, M. coromandelianum of these M. coromandelianurn is available in the peninsular part. Malvastrum corornandelianum L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(45.95pm), o =(3.75pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 3pm. Exine 1.3pm thick, being 3.64vm at the spine base, spinate (spine: Height 2.89pm, basal diameter 1.3prn, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 1.56pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.124, 125).

30 Modiola Moench. Modiola caroliniana, a native of tropical America has also been introduced and naturalized in some parts of the world. In India, it grows along the forest margins and grasslands of the Nilgiris. Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(35.8pm), CT =(3.19pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 4.87pm. Exine 0.86pm thick, being 1.3pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.25pm, basal diameter 1.3pm, tip acute; basal cushion slightly formed). lnterspinal distance 2.16pm, lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.126, 127,329). Sida L. Sida with about 200 species widely distributed along the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Most of them are heliophilous weedy taxa growing in exposed wastelands. But occasionally, they do occur also as under growths in semi-deciduous and deciduous forests, plantations and in partially shaded habitats. Sida acuta Burm.f. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(61.I pm), o =(6.09pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 13.43pm.

31 Exine 1.56pm thick, being 5.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.03pm, basal diameter 0.81pm, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 2.6pm. lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(39pm), o =(3.18pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 9.7pm. Exine 1.13pm thick, being 3.25pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.25pm, basal diameter 0.97pm, tip acute), lnterspinal distance 3.38vm (Fig.128, 129). Sida alnifolia L. ; spheroidal; grain size range (39-48.lPm),x= (44.28pm), 0 =(2.45pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.24pm), lnterporal distance 7.8pm. Exine 1.3pm thick, being 2.92pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.71pm, basal diameter 1.3pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 2.27pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig ). Sida beddomei K. C. Jacob. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x=(53.56pm), 0 =(2.45pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 6.5pm. Exine 2.74pm thick being 4.28pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 1.02pm. basal diameter 0.65pm, tip blunt, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 4.68pm, Inter spinal region granulose (Fig.132).

32 Sida codophia L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x= (60.19pm), cr =(3.76pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.81pm), lnterporal distance 7.36pm. Exine 1.62pm thick, being 4.76pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.71pm, basal diameter 2.99pm, tip curved, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 3.41prn, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.133). Sida cordata Burm.f. (Morphotype 1) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x= (57.43~1~7). o =(4.16prn). Pore circular (diameter 4.7pm), lnterporal distance 11.7pm. Exine 1.95pm thick, being 4.87pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 5pm, basal diameter 1.62~m, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 4.55pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.134, 135). Sida cordata (Morphotype 11) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (57.01 pm), 0 =(7.1pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.96pm), lnterporal distance 9.88pm. Exine 2.76pm thick, spinate (spine: height 2.lpm, basal diameter 1.62pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 1.44pm, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.136).

33 Sida cordata (Morphotype Ill) LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (52-65pm), x= (58.5pm), n = (3.87pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.10pm), lnterporal distance 13.65pm. Exine 2.6pm thick, being 4.68pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.6pm, basal diameter 2.92pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 4.87pm, lnter spinal region foveolate. SG: grain size range (3945.5pm), x=(42.6pm), o =(2.93pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 11.48pm. Exine 3.57pm thick, being 5.31pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.86pm, basal diameter 1.82pm, tip acute), lnterspinal distance 1.04pm (Fig.137, 138). Sida cordifolia L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (43.61pm). o =(3.77pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.81pm), lnterporal distance 10.4pm. Exine 2.11pm thick, being 3.25pm thick at the spine base, spinate (spine: height m, basal diameter 2.27pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 2.38pm, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.139). -Sida cuneifolia Roxb. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x= (50.23pm). o = (3.29pm). Pore circular (diameter 1.82pm), lnterporal distance 3.64pm. Exine

34 2.16pm thick, spinate (spine: height 2.2pm, basal diameter 1.46pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal distance 3.14pm, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.140). Sida elongata Blume. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x =(54.89pm), a =(4.34pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.57pm), lnterporal distance 9.lpm. Exine 2.43pm thick, spinate (spine: height 2. 3 basal ~ ~ diameter 1.73pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 2.56~m, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.141, 142). Sida fryxellii Sivarajan et Pradeep. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (68.12pm), a =(4.83pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.6pm), lnterporal distance 12.44pm. Exine 3.41pm thick, being 6.98pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 5.52pm, basal diameter 5.63pm, tip acute, basal cushion: high, sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 2.73pm, lnter spinal region granulose (Fig.143, 144, 330). Sida linifolia Cav. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (52-78pm), x= (63.38pm), o =(10.54pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.75pm), lnterporal distance 7.24pm. Exine 1.43pm thick, being 6.17pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height

35 4.16pm, basal diameter 4.64prn, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 1.81 pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), ; =(42.9pm), o =(5pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.78pm), lnterporal distance 8.45pm. Exine 1.20pm thick. being 4.87pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.71pm, basal diameter 3.25prn, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 1.6pm (Fig.145, 146). Sida mysorensis Wight 8 Am. (Morphotype I) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), ;= (50.87pm), o =(4.63pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.27pm), lnterporal distance 11.05pm. Exine 1.56pm thick, being 3.9pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 1.99pm, basal diameter 0.92prn, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 1.95pm. lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig. 147, 148). Sida mysorensis (Morphotype II) ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), ;= (57.12prn), o = (5.54pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.98pm), lnterporal distance 11.05pm. Exine 3.06pm thick, being 4.55pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.92pm, basal diameter 1.5pm, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 1.95pm, lnterspinal region granulose. (Fig.149).

36 Sida ovata Forssk. ; spheroidal; grain size range (41.&58.5pm), x= (51.31pm), n =(4.57pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9pm), lnterporal distance 15.08pm. Exine 1.56pm thick, being 3.64pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.41pm, basal diameter 1.21pm, tip acute, basal cushion: well developed). lnterspinal distance 2.81 pm, Inter spinal region granulose (Fig.150, 151). Sida ravii Siv et Anil. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (42.%62.4pm),x = (52.71pm). 0 =(5.4pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.7pm), lnterporal distance 9.75pm. Exine 2.25pm thick, being 5.85pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.47pm, basal diameter 2.27pm, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 1.62pm, lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x=(30.55pm), o =(4.05pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm). lnterporal distance 6.5pm. Exine 1.3pm thick, being 3.57prn at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.8pm, basal diameter 1.62pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 1.3pm (Fig.152). Sida repens Dombey ex Cav. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (54.25pm). n = (3.01pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.75prn), lnterporal distance 12.35pm.

37 Exine 2.08pm thick, being 4.2pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 2.29pm, basal diameter 1.04pm, tip acute, basal cushion well developed). lnterspinal distance 2.41pm, lnter spinal region foveolate (Fig.153, 154). Sida rhombifolia L. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), ;= (59.70pm), o = (6.23pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 14.04pm. Exine 2.76pm thick, being 6.82pm at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 4.65pm, basal diameter 2.92p1-1, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined), lnterspinal distance 1.95pm. lnter spinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x =(22.33pm). o =(4.06pm). Pore circular (diameter 2.6pm), lnterporal distance 8.58pm. Exine 2.86pm thick, being 7.02pm at the spine base, spinate '(spine: height 3.9pm, basal diameter 1.04pm, tip acute), lnterspinal distance 2.43pm (Fig.155, 156,157,158,331). Sida scabrida Wt. & Arn. LG: ; spheroidal; grain size range (39-65pm), x =(55.05pm), o =(5.8pm). Pore circular (diameter 3pm), lnterporal distance 9.75pm. Exine 2.92vm thick, being 4.22pm thick at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.12pm, basal diameter 3.03pm, tip acute, basal cushion: sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 1.46pm, lnter spinal region granulose.

38 SG: grain size range ( prn), x =(39.55pm), n =(8.4pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.25pm), lnterporal distance 8.07prn. Exine 2.3pm thick, spinate (spine: height 2.8prn, basal diameter 2.92pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 1.24pm (Fig.159, 160). Sida schimperiana Hochst. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), x = (42.29pm), o =(5.59pm). Pore circular (diameter 4pm), lnterporal distance 11.7pm. Exine 1.43prn thick, spinate (spine: height 4.98pm, basal diameter 2.9pm, tip acute). lnterspinal distance 7.8pm, lnterspinal region granulose (Fig ). Sida spinosa L. ; spheroidal; grain size range ( pm), i=(56.76prn), cs =(5.2pm). Pore circular (diameter 3.9prn), lnterporal distance 12.13pm. Exine 1.95prn thick, being 4.9prn thick at the spine base, spinate (spine: height 3.51pm, basal diameter 0.78pm, tip acute, basal cushion: high and sharply defined). lnterspinal distance 2.12pm, Inter spinal region granulose (Fig.163, 164).

39 BOMBACACEAE Tribe Adansonieae Bombax L. A deciduous tree, the lower part of the tree usually buttressed, branches whorled spreading horizontally. Young stem covered with conical prickles, which disappear with age. The calyx of the flower bud is eaten and the silky wool of the seed is used for stuffing pillows. Bombax ceiba L. Pollen grains 3-zonocolporate; Ora lolongate; Oblate; grain size range ( x pm), x = (21.20 x 33.23pm), and o = (2.58 x 2.24pm); exine 1.62prn thick, surface reticulate (Fig ,167). Bombax scopulorum Dunn. Pollen grains 3-zonocolpate; Oblate; grain size range ( x Iprn), - x =(29.41 x 55.98pm), and o = (3.04 x 2.73pm); exine 2.08pm thick, surface reticulate (Fig.168, 169,170).

40 Tribe Ceibeae Ceiba Miller. A small tree with branches spreading horizontally. Silk cotton, which is used for stuffing pillows, is not out growth of testa, but of inner wall of capsule. Introduced and commonly cultivated for silk cotton. Wood is used in match industry, distributed throughout the tropics. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Morphotype I) Pollen grains 3-zonocolporate; Ora circular; Oblate; grain size range ( x pm), x =(27.95 x pm), and 0 = (2.74 x 3pm); exine 1.6pm thick. surface reticulate heterobrochae (Fig.171, 172,332,333). Ceiba pentandra (Morphotype II) LG: Pollen grains 3-zonocolporate Ora lalongate; Oblate; grain size range ( x pm), x=(32.24 x 45.89pm), and D =(2.77 x 3.98pm); exine 1.3pm thick, surface reticulate. SG grain size range ( x pm), x =(21.37 x 29.17pm), and a =(5.31 x 5.97pm); exine 195pm thick (Fig.173, 174, 334, 335).

41 Tribe Durioneae Cullenia Wight. A large sized tree, bark smooth distributed in the forest of the western ghatts in Coorge, Wynad, Nilambur, Malabar etc. Leaves simple scaly. Fruit globose densely clothed with spines. Seeds with fleshy aril. Cullenia exarillata A Robeyns. Pollen grains 3-zonocolporate; ora circular; Oblate spheroidal; grain size range ( x pm), ;=(49.1~50.3~m), and O= (2.8 x 2.56pm); exine 3.05prn thick, surface foveolate (Fig.175, 176,336). STERCULIACEAE Tribe Sterculieae Sterculia L. An avenue tree planted on the roadsides. Grows wild in India, producing from the end of its branches bunches of dark purple flowers of extreme richness and beauty but emitting an intolerance smell. Petals are absent and an androgynophore is present.

42 Sterculia balanghas L. 3-zonocolporate; Ora faint; Prolate; grain size range ( x prn), x =(18.77x13.79prn) and o =(I.16x1.94prn); exine 1.3pm thlck, surface reticulate (Fig.177, 178). Sterculia carnpanulata Wall. 3-zonocolporate; Ora faint; Prolate spheroidal; grain size range ( x prn), ; =(22.58x20.8prn) and 0 =(1.51x1.3prn); exine 1.95prn thick, surface reticulate (Fig.179, 180,181,337). Sterculia foeitida L. 3-zonocolporate; Ora lalongate; subprolate; grain size range ( ~ prn), ii=(19.84~15.6prn), and o =(1.31 XI.61)prn; exine 1.46prn thick, surface reticulate (Fig ,184). Sterculia guttata Roxb. 3-zonocolporate; Ora circular; Oblate spheroidal; grain size range ( ~ pm), x=(15.10~15.47~rn) and o =(I.57x1.65prn); exine 1.65prn thick, faintly reticulate (Fig.185, 186,187). Sterculia urens Roxb. 3-zonocolporate; Ora lalongate; ; grain size range ( pm), x=(15.38prn) and o =(1.38prn), exine 1.45pm thick, faintly reticulate (Fig.188, 189,190).

43 Sterculia villosa Roxb. 3-zonocolporate; Ora lalongate, faint; subprolate; grain size range ( x pm), x =(30.07x23.05pm) and o =(2.16x2.03pm); exine 1.63pm thick, surface faintly reticulate (Fig.191, 192). Firrniana Marsili. An attractive, tender tree was a native of Africa and Asia. This tree grows fairly quickly when young, eventually reaching a height of 20 to 40 feet. The bark is shiny, grayish green and in mid-summer, the tree produces flowers. Firmiana colorata Roxb. 3-zonocolpate; Prolate; grain size range ( x pm), - x= (23.01x16.44pm) and o =(1.59x1.44pm); exine 1.24pm thick, surface reticulate (Fig. 193, 194,338) Pterocymbiurn R. Br. Large trees, buttresses present. Bark gray; not peeling in strips. Terminal buds not enclosed by leaves. Complex hairs present; star-like. Stinging hairs absent. Calyx persistent, carpels splitting to form follicles. Pterocymbiurn javanicum R. Br. 3-zonocolporate; Ora lalongate; Prolate spheroidal; grain size range ( ~ pm), x =(31.31x28.48pm), and o = (2.83 x 3.2pm); exine 2 02pm thick, surface reticulate (Fig ,197).

44 Cola P. Beaub. Schott. B Endlicher. Yields Cola nuts containing the alkaloids thein and theobromin. C. acuminata is common in the forests of south Africa, with unisexual, hypogynous and pentamerous flowers. Cola nuts are chewed to overcome fatigue and are also used to refreshing drinks. Cola acuminata Schott. 3-zonocolporate;Ora circular (faint); Prolate; grain size range ( x pm), x = (17.07x11.87pm) and o = (1.41x2pm); exine 0.95pm thick, surface foveolate (Fig.198, 199,339). Heritiera Aiton. Low, much branched, evergreen tree. Bark pinkish gray, smooth becoming flaky when older; leaf blades dark green, oblong to elliptic, leathery; flowers in hanging yellowish tassels; fruits purple-brown, shiny with a stiff keel on one side. An extract of the seed can be used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. Heritiera littoralis Dyand. 3-zonocolporate; Ora faint; Prolate spheroidal; grain size range ( x pm), x =(19.24x17.25pm), and o = (0.97x0.97pm); exine 1.3pm thick, surface foveolate (Fig.200, 201).

45 Heritiera papilio Bedd. 3-zonocolporate; Ora circular; Oblate spheroidal; grain size range ( x pm), x =(18.46x20.28pm) and o =(0.78x0.64pm); exine 1.40pm thick, surface foveolate (Fig.202, 203,340). Tribe Helictereae Kieinhovia L. A moderate sized avenue tree with inflated pear shaped membranous capsule. Usually grown as a hedge plant. Commonly cultivated in gardens. Pink flowers, bark brown moderately thick. Leaves broadly ovate. Kleinhovia hospita L. 3-zonoporate; Pore circular, aspidate (diameter 3.25pm); oblate; grain size range (7.%11.7~15.~19.5pm), x =(I 0.29x17.33pm) and u = (1.12x1.57pm); exine 1.3pm thick, surface foveolate (Fig.204, 205,206,341). Helicteres L. A shrub, fruit follicles and spirally twisted into the shape of a screw. The stem fibre is used for making ropes and the stalks and twigs for writing and printing paper. Wood white and moderately hard. Calyx tube persistent bluish flowers common in the deciduous slopes.

46 Helicteres isora L. 3-zonoporate; Pore circular, aspidate (pore diameter 3.25pm);Oblate; grain size range ( x pm), x =(14.04x21.45pm) and n = (0.96x1.45pm); exine 1.3pm thick, surface papillate and finely granulate (Fig. 207, 208, 209, 342). Pterosperrnurn Schreber. An avenue tree flowers very fragment with succulent calyx. Very superior torches are made for its straight ride branches. Flowers are very good insect repellant and disinfectants, the leaves are used for packing tobacco and as plates while the tomentum covering the branches and inflorescence are applied to the injuries and prevent bleeding. Pterosperrnum diversifoliurn BI. LG: 3-zonoporate; Pore circular, crassimarginate (diameter 6.85pm); ; grain size range (52-65pm), x =(55.96pm) and o =(4.32pm); exine 2.94pm thick, spinate (spine height 4.07pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal region granulose. SG: grain size range ( pm), x = (44.2pm) and o =(4.79pm); spinate (spine: height 3.30ym, tip blunt). lnterspinal region granulose (Fig.210, 211, 212, 343, 344).

47 Pterospermum rubiginosum Heyne. 3-zonoporate; Pore circular, crassimarginte (diameter 5.2pm); ; grain size range ( pm), x =(46.06pm) and IS =(8.07pm); Exine 1.65pm thick; Spinate (spine height 2.73pm, tip acute; basal cushion slightly formed). lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig. 213, 214). Pterospermum suberifolium Lam. 3-zonoporate; Pore circular, crassimarginate (diameter 2.6pm); ; grain size range ( pm), x = (36.33pm) and o = (4.3pm); exine 2pm thick, Spinate (spine: height 1.69pm, tip blunt). lnterspinal region foveolate (Fig.215, 216). Tribe Dom beyeae Dombeya Cav. Ornamental plant, frequent in the gardens at Yercaud. Shrubs, leaves palmately nerved. Flowers hermaphrodite in cymes, petals flat and persistant. Androecium tubular, anthers solitary alternating with staminodes. Dombeya calantha Cav. 3-zonopororate; Pore circular, annulate (diameter 2.45pm); ; grain size range ( pm), x =(33.15pm) and a =(3.68pm); exine 1.95pm