2012 National Science Olympiad Anatomy and Physiology Division B. Maximum Team Members: 2. Time Allotted: 50 minutes. Number of Questions: 64

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1 2012 National Science Olympiad Anatomy and Physiology Division B Maximum Team Members: 2 Time Allotted: 50 minutes Number of Questions: 64 Number of Tie Breaker Questions: 7 DESCRIPTION: This event encompasses the anatomy (structure and function) of the digestive and respiratory systems and the effects of aging and diseases on them. EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring only one 8.5 x 11 two-sided page of notes that contain information in any form from any source and up to 2 nonprogrammable, non-graphing calculators. Exam Description: The Exam consists of 64 questions of varying types including multiple choice, true or false, matching, short answer, and labeling. Tie breaker questions are clearly identified throughout the test. These will only be used in the event of a tie and failure to answer them will not directly affect your score. Each question has only one correct answer. Please answer each question as briefly as possible (the short answer questions do not require essays!). IMPORTANT NOTICE Please record your answer to tie-breaker questions on the answer sheet in the labeled section at the end. You may write on the exam, but only the answer sheets will be graded. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask the proctor.

2 Questions 1-10: Label the following structures. BE SPECIFIC A drawing of the abdominal contents with the wall and parietal peritoneum is shown. The greater omentum is not reflected, and a window is cut into the lesser omentum, exposing the vessels, tail of the pancreas, and major ducts of the liver and gallbladder. The structures labeled include the right and left lobe of the liver, the gall bladder, the pancreas, the duodenum, the fundus, body, and antrum of the stomach, the spleen, and the greater omentum.

3 For questions 11-16, identify the labeled structure. Be Specific Shown is a drawing of the anterior trunk up through the level of the thyroid cartilage. The lungs, heart, and pleura are visible as a ghost, as well as major abdominal organs. Labeled structures include the transverse/horizontal fissure of the right lung, the middle lobe of the right lung, the pleura, the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung, and the trachea.

4 For Questions 17-20, Please Refer to the Following Story Mary is a 35 year old female who suffers from severe abdominal pain. The pain often occurs at night, and also occurs one hour after eating. Endoscopy reveals multiple ulcers in the first portion of her duodenum. Further evaluation reveals a pancreatic tumor that secretes the hormone gastrin, leading to the production of excessive amounts of stomach acid. She is first treated with medications, then a curative surgery that removes the entire tumor. 17. Where is the majority of gastrin normally produced? 18. What cells produce stomach acid? 19. The cells that produce stomach acid also produce a protein required for absorption of a water soluble vitamin. What is that vitamin? 20. Had tumor cells also been found in Mary s liver, what blood vessel would have brought them there? Tie Breaker #1 Name a potential medication that could have treated Mary prior to her surgery?(hint: this condition is usually treated with powerful antacids)

5 For Questions 21-24, Please Refer to the Following Story Jack is a 35 year old man who has been plagued with diarrhea and abdominal pain for years. One day he develops a rash that looks like small blisters and goes to see the doctor. He s surprised when the doctor s first questions are focused on his abdominal pain and diarrhea, which he didn t mention. The doctor sends Jack for some blood tests which confirm his suspicions. Jack is told that his condition is treated by avoiding foods containing gluten. 21. What disease does Jack have? 22. Gluten is a protein found in many foods. Where does protein digestion begin? 23. Jack s disease is classified as an autoimmune disease. Name another autoimmune disease that affects the gastrointestinal system. 24. People with Jack s disease often have difficulty absorbing fat and fat soluble vitamins. Name two fat soluble vitamins that Jack may be at risk of being deficient in. Tie Breaker #2 Doctors can test a person s blood for antibodies that are often produced by people with Jack s disease. Name one of those antibodies.**

6 Questions 25-35: Multiple Choice; Each question has only ONE correct answer 25. During a surgical procedure to remove a tumor of the transverse colon, the surgeon accidentally severs its major arterial supply. This vessel most commonly arises from what major artery? a. Common Hepatic Artery b. Left Renal Artery c. Inferior Mesenteric Artery d. Superior Mesenteric Artery 26. A 19 year old girl is an extremely picky eater and refuses to consume anything but toast and jelly. She is subsequently diagnosed with Kwashiorkor s disease, which results when people eat a normal amount of calories but are deficient in essential proteins. Which of the following is true about protein digestion? a. Enzymatic breakdown of protein begins in the mouth b. Bile produced by the liver is required for the absorption of protein c. Absorbed protein is first transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein d. Protein absorption occurs in the small intestine via chylomicrons 27. A premature male infant born at 25 weeks suffers from severe respiratory distress. This occurs because the infant is unable to produce sufficient surfactant for normal breathing. Which of the following is true about surfactant production in the lungs? a. Type I pneumocytes are responsible for the majority of surfactant production b. Surfactant is produced by ciliated cells in the bronchi c. Type II pneumocytes are responsible for the majority of surfactant production d. Surfactant is not needed for the normal function of the lungs 28. A 27 year old male is involved in a skiing accident and breaks three ribs. When he arrives to the emergency room, he is taking short, rapid breaths but is unable to meet his metabolic demand for lung function. Which of the following terms correctly describes this man s breathing? a. Eupnea b. Hyperventilation c. Hypoventilation d. Apnea

7 29. Failure of the left ventricle to adequately pump blood leads to increased fluid in the lungs that interferes with breathing, particularly when the person lies down. Which of the following terms most accurately describes shortness of breath that occurs when lying down? a. Dyspnea b. Orthopnea c. Eupnea d. Hypopnea 30. People with broken ribs have severe pain when attempting to breathe. The pain limits their ability to expand their chest and take a normal breath. With this in mind, what can we conclude about chest wall mechanics in patients with broken ribs that cause pain severe enough to limit expansion? a. Chest wall compliance, Chest wall elasticity b. Chest wall compliance, Chest wall elasticity c. Chest wall compliance, Chest wall elasticity d. Chest wall compliance, Chest wall elasticity 31. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is a restrictive lung disease that leads to increased elasticity of the lung tissue, limiting its ability to expand. In terms of lung volumes, what would we expect to find in a person with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis relative to normal? a. Total lung capacity, Tidal volume b. Total lung capacity, Tidal volume c. Total lung capacity, Tidal volume d. Total lung capacity, Tidal volume 32. Aspirin is an acid that is capable of increasing the acidity of blood. Following ingestion of a large volume of aspirin, what would be an appropriate respiratory response to the increased acid load? a. Decrease ventilation to increase arterial CO 2 and decrease blood ph b. Decrease ventilation to increase arterial CO 2 and increase blood ph c. Increase ventilation to decrease arterial CO 2 and increase blood ph d. Increase ventilation to increase arterial CO 2 and decrease blood ph

8 For questions 33-35, please refer to the following micrograph The tissue type shown in the section below is a thin, single layer of cells. It is not adipose tissue. (A surface photomicrograph of simple squamous epithelium is shown) 33. What type of tissue is this? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Stratified squamous epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Transitional epithelium e. None of the above 34. Where is this tissue type normally found in the respiratory system? a. Walls of the trachea b. Walls of the pharynx c. Walls of the larynx d. Walls of the alveoli e. This tissue type is not found in the respiratory system. 35. Where is this tissue type normally found in the digestive system? a. Lips b. Walls of the esophagus c. Duodenum d. Ilium e. This tissue type is not found in the digestive system.

9 For Tie-Breaker Questions 3 & 4, Please Refer to the Following Light Micrographs of the Trachea Tie Breaker #3 What part of the trachea is the arrow pointing to? Tie Breaker #4 What type of material makes up the structure at the arrow?

10 For questions 36-37, please refer to the following photomicrograph of respiratory epithelium 36. What type of epithelium lines the respiratory system? 37. What cellular structure is identified by arrow A? Tie Breaker #5 What is the effect of cigarette smoking on the structures identified by arrow A?** Tie Breaker #6 What type of cell is identified by arrow B?**

11 Questions 38-42: Short Answer 38. A 40 year old man from Africa has been experiencing a mild fever, cough, night sweats, and weight loss for the past few months. He is diagnosed with a bacterial pulmonary disease. What is the most likely bacterial species responsible for this man s disorder? For question 39 & 40 please refer to the following photograph of a lung A photograph of the right lung is shown 39. Which lung is pictured above (right or left)? 40. Why do you think it is the right or left lung?

12 41. (Please refer to the picture below) The arrows below are pointing to one of three bands that run the length of the colon. What are those bands called? A drawing of the abdominal organs with the teniae coli labeled on the ascending, transverse, and descending colon is shown.

13 42. Which of the muscles labeled in the following picture is MOST IMPORTANT for FORCED EXHALATION?

14 Tie Breaker #7: please refer to the following surgical photograph What structure is identified by the question mark (it is being compressed by a surgical instrument; both arrows are labeling the same structure)?

15 Questions 43-46: Calculations Doctors use spirometery to measure lung volumes and lung capacities in assessing disease states of the respiratory system. The following data were collected on a patient suspected of having COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) - Quiet breathing at rest: 500 ml - Maximum volume exhaled following deepest possible inhale: 2500 ml - Volume exhaled at end of normal breath: 1500 ml Using the above data, calculate the: 43. Vital Capacity (VC) 44. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 45. Tidal Volume (TV) 46. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 47. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

16 Questions 47-51: True or False 48. The epiglottis is part of the nasopharynx. 49. There are 35 cartilaginous rings in the trachea. 50. Short thick membranes in the vocal cords produce low pitched sound. 51. The three anatomical regions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the palatopharynx. 52. The trachea bifurcates into left and right primary bronchi. Questions 52-57: Matching; Please choose the letter corresponding to the disease described in the question. There are no doubles. a. Long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation b. Allergies trigger the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that lead to intense bronchoconstriction c. Alveolar walls are broken down by enzymes that reduce the surface area of the lung d. An inherited disorder that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and other organs such as the pancreas e. The common cold f. Inflammation of the vocal cords 53. Asthma 54. Cystic Fibrosis 55. COPD 56. Laryngitis 57. Emphysema 58. Acute Rhinitis

17 Questions 60-64: Matching; Please choose the letter corresponding to the disease described in the question. There are no doubles. a. Stomach Ulcers b. Lactose Intolerance c. Hepatitis d. GERD e. Crohn s disease f. Diarrhea 59. Inflammation of the liver 60. Loose, watery, and/or frequent stools 61. Caused by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent movement of acid into the esophagus 62. Lack of a brush border enzyme leads to diarrhea, gassiness, and abdominal discomfort following ingestion of dairy products 63. Autoimmune disorder of the digestive tract 64. Lesions of the gastric mucosa frequently associated with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

18 1. Left lobe of the Liver 2. Right lobe of Liver 3. Gall Bladder 4. Pancreas 5. Pylorus of the Stomach_ 6. Duodenum 7. Fundus of the Stomach_ 8. Spleen 9. Body of the Stomach 10. Greater Omentum_(1/2 point for Transverse_ Colon) 11. Trachea 12. Horizontal or Transverse Fissure 13. Middle lobe of right lung_ 14. Pleura (parietal is still correct; visceral is not) 15. Superior Lobe of Left Lung_ 16. Inferior Lobe of Left Lung 17. Stomach 18. Parietal Cells 19. B Portal Vein 21. Celiac Disease 22. Stomach 23. _Many answers 24. _A, D, E, or K_(two) 25. D 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. C 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. E 36. Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar 37. Cilia 38. Tuberculosis 39. Right Lung 40. _3 Lobes or 2 Fissures 41. _Tinea Coli 42. B ml _mL ml _mL 47. Cannot be Calculated_ 48. F 49. F 50. T 51. F 52. T 53. B 54. D 55. A 56. F 57. C 58. E 59. C 60. F 61. D 62. B 63. E 64. A Tie Breakers 1. _Proton Pump Inhibitors (end in -prazole), H2- antagonists (end in itidine), Tums or other basic substances (half credit) 2. gliadin, reticulun, or endomysial 3. Cartilaginous Ring 4. _Hyaline Cartilage 5. _Prevents them from functioning 6. _Goblet Cell 7. _Gall Bladder

19 For Question 23, correct answers include, but are not limited to: pernicious anemia, celiac disease, crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis, and autoimmune hepatitis.