Beyond Total Cost of Ownership: Applying Balanced Scorecards to Open-Source Software

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Osborne Franklin
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1 Byond Totl Cot of Ownhip: Applyin Blncd Scocd to Opn-Souc Softw Luii Lvzz Univity of Inubi Infomtic & Communiction Dptmnt Vi Mzzini, V (Itly) luii.lvzz@uninubi.it Abtct Potntil u of Opn Souc Softw (OSS) fc th poblm of vlutin OSS, in od to th convninc of doptin OSS intd of commcil oftw, o to choo mon diffnt OSS popol. Diffnt mtic w dfind, ddin diffnt OSS popti: th Totl Cot of Ownhip (TCO) dd th cot of cquiin, dptin nd optin OSS; th Totl Account Ownhip (TAO) pnt th d of fdom of th u with pct to th tchnoloy povid; indx lik th Opn Buin Qulity Rtin (Opn BQR) th qulity of th oftw with pct to th u nd. Howv, non of th popod mthod nd modl dd ll th pct of OSS in blncd nd complt wy. Fo thi pupo, th pp xplo th poibility of dptin th Blncd Scocd (BSC) tchniqu to OSS. A pliminy dfinition of th BSC fo OSS i ivn nd dicud. 1 Intoduction Opn Souc Softw i continuouly owin in impotnc nd ccptnc. Nvthl, th vl wh OSS w not doptd, t lt not widly it could b xpctd. An obtcl to th doption of OSS i tht it i not obviou how to cy out th cot/bnfit nlyi, pcilly conidin tht th cquiition cot of OSS i oftn null. Th concpt of Totl Cot of Ownhip (TCO) h bn popod n intumnt to vlut th cot of dptin, mnin nd mintinin OSS; nvthl, th TCO i not widly ud, ptly bcu it i not wll undtood (th vl, oftn not cohnt, dfinition) nd ptly bcu th i th upct tht mot publihd TCO vlution divn by oftw vndo who im t convincin cutom tht th commcil option i conomiclly pofitbl. Moov, dcidin th doption of OSS qui th vlution of th quliti of cndidt OS pom, nd thi compion with commcil pom. Howv, in th quliti of OSS i till not wll conolidtd pctic. Oniztion fcin th poblm of dcidin bout th doption of OSS hv hdly ny uid fo cyin out wll tuctud comphniv vlution. In pctic, th vlution of OSS i till poblm. In fct, th i no conolidtd nd d pocdu fo vlutin OSS, pcilly with pct to th poblm of dcidin whth it would b mo convnint to dopt OS o commcil oftw. Svl tchniqu hv bn popod in od to dd th diffnt pct of th OSS vlution. Sction 2 bifly illutt om of th tchniqu. Dpit th vilbility of ll th tchniqu, vlutin th OSS i till n opn iu. Thi i pobbly du to th fct tht th vilbl tchniqu do not povid complt nd blncd viw of th OSS contibution to th u buin. Th Blnc Scocd (BSC) tchniqu w popod in th ly 90 by Kpln nd Noton [1] ction to th owin wn tht compni could no lon b mnd on th bi of finncil mu lon. Kpln nd Noton blivd tht tditionl finncil mu ndd to b upplmntd with th mu of th ky fcto which dtmind finncil ucc. Thfo, thy dvid t of optionl mu tht could ct blnc of mphi on th did outcom nd th mn of chivin thm. A fw y o, th BSC ppoch w dptd to IT, in od to povid th IT dptmnt of l compni with tool to mu in complt nd

2 blncd wy th contibution of IT to th min buin of th compny, thu ovcomin th tditionl viw of IT cot. Thi pp dicu th ppliction of BSC to OSS. Th pp i onizd follow. Sction 2 pot n ovviw of th tchniqu popod to mu diffnt pct of OSS. Sction 3 illutt th BSC. Sction 4 poition th contibution of th muin tchniqu dcibd in ction 2 with pct to th pct ddd by th BSC. Sction 5 ktch pliminy vion of BSC fo OSS. Finlly, ction 6 dw om concluion. 2 An ovviw of tchniqu pplicbl to OSS vlution TCO (Totl Cot of Ownhip) dd th vlution of th cot of doptin nd uin oftw pom, includin ll th xpn, nd pnnin th whol lifcycl of th ytm [4]. Thfo, TCO involv th vlution cot du to cquiition, dpttion, dploymnt, tinin, option, mintnnc, tc. TCO ppli to both OS nd commcil oftw, thu llowin th compion of cot. In fct, TCO bcm quit popul bcu it w ud to uppot both th thi tht OSS i mo convnint thn commcil oftw, nd th vic v. Althouh TCO hd th mit of povidin ound nd comphniv bi fo th vlution of SW cot, it i limitd with pct to two impotnt iu: TCO do not dd th volution of th OSS u poc, which could qui updtin th oftw. Whn vlutin th finncil pct of oftw cquiition, it i impotnt to vlut th cot nd th bnfit. TCO only uppot th mnt of cot: it do not povid complt viw of th finncil conqunc of doptin th conidd oftw. Oth popol hv ddd th limittion of TCO. In od to tk into conidtion th futu volution of th u nd, Conz popod th Totl Account Ownhip (TAO) indx, which im t pntin th d of fdom of th u with pct to th tchnoloy povid [5]. Th TAO conid iu lik contct nd licn, oftw dptbility, opnn of fomt nd intfc, documnttion, tinin nd itnc povid, tc. nd indict to wht xtnt doptin ivn pic of oftw i commitmnt fo th futu. Howv nith th TCO no TAO dd ny iu outid th finncil fild. In pticul, thy do not vlut th qulity of th oftw nd how it contibut to th buin ol fo which it i dvlopd. In od to ovcom thi limit, th Opn BQR w dfind [3]. Th Opn BQR i n OSS vlution mthod bd on th mnt of numb of lvnt pct of n OSS poduct, includin: Functionl dqucy to quimnt; Qulity, in tm of bnc of dfct o tim-to-fix; Avilbility of mintnnc uppot; Cot of non-oss modul o ncy dvlopmnt tool; Oth iu lik th licn typ, th pommin lnu, tc. Th Opn BQR w ctd with th objc of dfinin n vlution mthod hvin th followin chctitic: Compltn: ll poi nd n pct ddd Simplicity: it i y to undtnd nd u. Rptbility: it i objc poibl. It i ytmtic mthod bd on wll-dfind vlution tuctu. Adptbility: diffnt oftw oniztion cn in diffnt wiht to th m chctitic of ivn OSS poduct, ccodin to thi pcific ol. Opnn: it i not popity, nd it llow fo futu xtnion nd chn. 3 A bif intoduction to th Blncd Scocd Th Blncd Scocd (BSC) mumnt-uppotd ttic mnmnt mthod. BSC w popod by Robt Kpln nd Dvid Noton fo nl pupo oniztion (i.., not pcificlly fo Infomtion nd Communiction Tchnoloy oniztion) [1]. Thy obvd tht tditionl mnmnt-ointd mtic (lik th Rtun On Invtmnt, fo intnc) w too much cntd on finncil viw of th poduc oniztion. In pticul, thy obvd tht ROIlik tchniqu w limitd with pct to cop (in tht thy povidd n ll-intnl viw of compny itution) nd tim (thy concnd only th pt pfomnc of th compny). In od to t mo complt nd ffc viw of th tt of n oniztion, thy popod to mu, in ddition to finncil iu:

3 Th pfomnc with pct to th outid wold. Und thi pct, cutom tifction w conidd th mot pnt indicto. How wll i th compny (o oniztion) quippd to b uccful in th futu. Th bility to innovt, ln nd ow i thu conidd fundmntl domin of th BSC mthod. Finlly, Kpln nd Noton idntifid th nd to th pfomnc of th intnl poc, which i dictly linkd to cutom tifction nd to finncil ult, nd tht i wh th lnin nd owth tk plc. Th dditionl mtic w mnt to povid indiction concnin th futu finncil ult, th ttic objc to dd, nd to mintin hlthy blnc mon th viou lvnt ppc. Fiu 1 chmticlly illutt th fou ppc ddd by th BSC. Cutom To chiv ou viion, how will w pp to ou cutom? c j b O u M Finncil To uccd finncilly, how hould w pp to ou hhold? t T t iv i it In Viion nd tty Lnin nd Gowth To chiv ou viion, how will w utin ou bility to chn nd impov? u t c j b O M T c j b O u M iti I n Intnl buin poc To tify ou hhold nd cutom, wht poc mut w xcl t? t T iti I n u t c j b O M T Fiu 1. Th domin ddd by th BSC. Th BSC Poc im t: Optionlizin th coopt tty. Connctin ol nd ction. Tkin into ccount vity of tkhold ppc (it blncd cocd!). Tkin into ccount vity of ol nd mu typ (.., qulit nd quntit). Ain, it i blncd (nd hopfully complt) cocd. iti I n Impovin th wn of th copot tti nd how th ponibiliti of inl nd oup xpctd to contibut to it ucc. Povidin continuou monitoin nd contollin intumnt. Etblihin continuou impovmnt poc. Evn thouh BSC w not pcificlly concivd fo Infomtion nd Communiction Tchnoloy oniztion, thy hv bn uccfully dptd nd mployd in oniztion dvotd to oftw dvlopmnt ( fo intnc [2]). In fct, blncd cocd w pplid in vl IT/IS oniztion in od to olv quit common nd mbin poblm. In lmot vy buin, Infomtion Tchnoloy h ind tticlly vitl ol. Thi clld fo lvnt invtmnt tht vy vidnt in th budt of compni. Nvthl, th contibution povidd by IT w oftn not o vidnt, o t lt vy difficult to quntify in finncil tm. BSC n ffc mn to povid complt nd objc indiction of th ttic impotnc of IT, both in oniztion tht poduc oftw thi co buin nd fo oniztion tht povid oftw vic fo oth kind of buin. A ldy mntiond, th compltn of th vlution i bd on th fct tht ll th pct tht conidd of ttic impotnc (finnc, cutom tifction, th ffcn of intnl poc, nd th bility to innovt) tkn into du conidtion. Quit inttinly, mot dpttion of th BSC to th oftw domin ddd th Ponnl (o Employ) ppc to th fou tditionl BSC ppc. Thi i not upiin, inc th impotnc of popl in th oftw dvlopmnt i wll known. 4 Tditionl tchniqu v BSC Blncd Scocd vy ood cndidt mthod fo cyin out vlution tht both complt ( ll lvnt pct tkn into ccount) nd blncd ( th blncin ffct of cu nd ffct conidd). It i thfo inttin to th contibution tht th tchniqu tditionlly ud to vlut oftw cn iv in BSC-bd vlution fmwok. Th ult of thi mnt i ynthticlly dcibd in Tbl 1.

4 Tbl 1. Contibution of tditionl tchniqu to BSC Finncil Ppc Poc Ppc Cutom P. Futu Ppc TCO Contibut to cot N/A N/A N/A vlution. Limitd in cop (no vlution of bnfit nd conqunc of doption). TAO Simil to TCO N/A N/A Evlut contint divin fom doption of th SW Opn BQR N/A Evlut quit xtnivly th contibution of SW to th poc* N/A Conid om tchnicl ffct of SW doption on futu option* * Actully, th OpnBQR dd only th oftw pct of th poc: if th poc involv lvnt nonoftw componnt, th hv to b d by oth mn. Fo intnc, th owth of th compny/oniztion could qui nw tchniqu, nw o impovd kill, tc.: th pct not conidd by th Opn BQR. Fiu 2 how th cumul contibution of TCO, TAO nd Opn BQR to th citicl ppc idntifi in th BSC tchniqu. It i quit cl tht in od to chiv complt nd libl vlution of (oftw intniv) oniztion w nd omthin mo thn jut collction of th xitin tchniqu. Cutom Ppc Finncil Ppc TCO TAO TAO Opn BQR BQR Lnin nd Gowth Ppc Intnl Buin Poc Ppc Fiu 2. Th xitin tchniqu do not cov th BSC domin. 5 Som id bout BSC fo OSS Accodin to th conidtion potd bov, it i onbl tht OSS oniztion conid doptin om ot of mthod divd fom th BSC. Fo thi pupo, howv, it i ncy to conid tht OSS dvlopmnt diff fom tditionl popity oftw dvlopmnt und vl pct, includin th followin: Oniztion oftn jut indpndnt volunt, oupd into nlly no-pofit community. Nvthl, th pop commcil oniztion tht dvlop OSS pt of thi buin. In th OSS wold th not only tho who jut u f oftw, but lo th cutom tht py fo dditionl vic. Such ctoi oiint diffnt u modl tht ffct th whol poc nd buin of oftw dvlopmnt. Mny licn fo OSS hv bn popod. Svl quit widly ud. Thi phnomnon lo contibut to intoduc futh vition in th poc nd buin of oftw dvlopmnt. In thi ction om initil conidtion nd popol concnin th dpttion of th BSC mthod to OSS potd. Givn th complxity of th mtt nd th vity of OSS dvlop nd u, it i vy difficult to dfin comphniv fmwok. Thfo, n initil tp, h only th point of viw of OSS u i conidd. Th point of viw of oniztion minly inttd in dvlopin OSS will b objct of futu wok. In ny c, th followin popol jut n initil tp to intoduc th BSC pctic in th OSS wold. Th followin popol i divn by th followin qution: How cn th BSC concpt b updtd/dptd in od to tk into ccount th pculiiti of OSS? How do th BSC bnfit tnlt fo OSS? I th ppliction of th BSC tchniqu vibl fo OSS, nd how cn BSC b pomotd in th OSS communiti? In th followin pph ch BSC ppc i pntd in n OSS-ointd wy. In od to focu on th iu tht mot ni to th OSS ntu of th nvionmnt, th ppc dciption cntd on OSS u. In nl, uin OSS i mn to chiv om oth ol, concnin th compny buin. Such ol i not conidd h,

5 it i likly tht pfomnc with pct to buin ol cn b vlutd by mn of tditionl BSC tchniqu. In oth wod, th ttntion i concnttd on th ol tht OSS ply (o my ply) in th oniztion. 5.1 Th finncil domin Th cot of oftw h to b tkn into ccount. A uul, th min div of oftw ltd cot i th ffot quid fom dvlop (nlyt, din, pomm, tc.). Thfo, w nd to vlut: Acquiition wok (in PM) Mintnnc wok (in PM/y) Adpttion wok, includin th wok ndd fo chivin intopbility of nwly cquid OSS with th oftw ldy in u (in PM) Enhncmnt wok (in PM) Dploymnt cot (HW/SW pltfom ndd, Tinin,...). In od to obtin complt pictu of th cot-ltd iu, w nd to conid lo th ltn nd th bnfit of doptin OSS. Cot of ltn:.., th mintnnc cn b don in hou o by conultnt o by OSS dvlop t diffnt cot. Oftn OSS dvlop povid on-dmnd vic on commcil bi. Cot of ltn (poibly includin th commcil cot nd th no-o option). Vlu tht i obtind fo f. 5.2 Poc Th OSS h to contibut to th oniztion buin poc. It i thfo ncy to vlut how wll th OSS tifi poc nd. Th vlution cn b cid out by nwin th followin qution (inpid to th Opn BQR [3]): Do th chctitic of th poduct mtch th quimnt? Mo pcily: i th typ of licn cohnt with th intndd u of th oftw? Do th oftw comply with pplicbl tndd? Do th oniztion mt th implmnttion lnu (in c th oniztion nd to modify th cod)? I th intfc dqut (.., i th locl lnu uppotd)? I th intnl qulity of th oftw dqut? Whn dlin with OSS, it i poibl to mu nd nlyz th cod. Indicto lik McCb complxity, o moduliztion indx, o th dict inpction of cod cn vl how ccutly th oftw w wittn. Thi i nlly not poibl fo commcil oftw. Potntil u of OSS hould xploit thi poibility in od to chiv th pop lvl of confidnc in th oftw. I th qulity of th OSS poduct dqut, in tm of dfct potd, coctd, opn, tc.? I th poduct wll documntd? I th uppot (.., th conultnt tht cn hlp in ffcly uin th oftw)? I th poduct chitctu wll dfind, documntd, libl, flxibl? A tndd nfocd? I th qulity of th OSS poc mtu nouh to tify my oniztion nd? A oftw ninin pctic ud in od to u ood qulity ult? A dvlop coodintion tchniqu ud? I th poc mnd? I th poc pfomnc ood (i.., nw vion ld with onbl fquncy) nd pdictbl (i.., nw vion ld on tim with pct to pln)? Not: thi my dpnd on th chctitic of th poduc: i it wll tblihd oniztion? I th l nd tbl community of dvlop? Futu A fit iu concn how wll th OSS uppot th ffot pfomd by th oniztion to b ppd fo futu tk: I th OSS hlpin my oniztion to ow nd ln? I th OSS (both cunt nd plnnd futu vion) uitbl to uppot my oniztion poc impovmnt initi? A cond iu concn th vilbility of futu l of th OSS: Will th oftw b vilbl in th futu (i.., i it oin to b mintind, nw l will b ld, will th functionlity volv, will th intopbility nd comptibility with nw pltfom nd poduct b untd, tc.)? I th libl oniztion o community tht undtk th oftw mintnnc nd volution? I th dvlopmnt poc uitd fo mintnnc nd volution (.., i confiution mnmnt pfomd poply)? I th ttic dvlopmnt pln ddin futu volution (.., ddin tchnoloicl innovtion)? I th wid nouh intt in th oftw, i.., i th u community l nouh to fom uitbl mkt fo th oftw? Good indicto fo thi iu cn b th numb of ctul u, th mkt

6 h, th OSS puttion ccodin to pcilizd p, foum, u oup, tc. Finlly, th mot impotnt qution dl with th bility of futu l of th OSS to kp up with th volvin nd of th oniztion: I th OSS uitbl fo uppotin th min nd of my oniztion nd th futu nd du to th xpctd volution of th oniztion buin? How i th comptition of th OSS poitiond with pct to th volution of my oniztion buin? 5.4 Cutom tifction Th OSS not only contibut to th intnl poc, but lo hlp chivin xtnl objc, which cn b ummizd follow: How much nd how wll do th OSS contibut to th tifction of xtnl cutom? Thi i lvnt whn th OSS contibut dictly to th poduct o vic bin dvlopd nd it ftu pcivd by th finl u/cutom. On th n id, th followin two qution cn b uful to idntify th limit of th OSS: How mny xtnlly pcivbl filu o poblm w cud by th OSS? A intnl nd/o xtnl cutom uppotd by th documnttion, duction nd lnin vic, hlp dk, tc. vilbl fo th OSS? 5.5 Mkin th ppoch pcticl Conidin th bov t of mtic, it i ppnt tht om dt contibut to multipl pct of th BSC. Fo intnc, th numb nd tnd of dvlop i impotnt both to th finncil pct nd to th futu volution of th oniztion. Thi could b ntully ccommodtd by uin th GQM [6] mthod to fin th popod BSC topic into mtic. In fct, th topic mntiond in pph 5.1 thouh 5.4 cn b dd lmnt of GQM btction ht: uin th GQM to fomult ol conitnt with th BSC ppc nd finin thm into mtic m quit ntul wy fo tnfomin objc t th ttic lvl into optionl dfinition of ctully collctibl mtic. 6 Concluion Dfinin mthodoloy fo th vlution of th contibution of n OSS pom to buin i till n opn poblm. Thi i pticully tu fo oniztion inttd in comphniv vlution tht o byond th m timtion of th conomic pct of uin OSS. Sttin fom th compion of th (fw nd not vy popul) tchniqu fo oftw cot nd qulity vlution with th Blncd Scocd tchniqu, thi pp h popod th dpttion of th BSC ppoch to th OSS n. Fo thi pupo, n initil t of BSC ppc, pplicbl by oniztion tht u OSS, h bn tntly dfind. Th OSS-ointd ppc dfind h utd ttin point fo tho who intnd to pply th BSC in oniztion tht hv to th contibution of OSS in (oftw o non-oftw) buin. Futu wok includ th pcticl ppliction of th popod BSC dfinition, nd th finmnt of th ppoch. Finlly, th xtnion to OSS dvlopmnt city, th thn jut OSS doption nd dploymnt, i mon futu objc. Acknowldmnt Th ch pntd in thi pp h bn ptilly fundd by th IST pojct, ponod by th EU in th 6th FP (IST ). Rfnc [1] R. Kpln nd D. Noton, Th Blncd Scocd: Tnltin Stty into Action, Hvd Buin School P, Sptmb [2] I. Ahly, IT Blncd Scocd Suncop Jouny to Contmpoy Modl, Autlin Comput Socity Ntionl Confnc, Mlboun, Sptmb [3] D. Tibi, L. Lvzz, S. Moc, OpnBQR: fmwok fo th mnt of OSS, Opn Souc Softw 2007, Limick, Jun [4] J. Smith Dvid, D. Schuff, R. St. Loui, Mnin you totl IT cot of ownhip, Communiction of th ACM, Volum 45, n. 1 (Jnuy 2002). [5] Gicomo Conz, Libi di Cmbi, Comput Buin Rviw On-lin Itly, Atmtich/OSS/Libi-di-cmbi. (In Itlin). [6] Bili V., nd Rombch H.D., Th TAME pojct: towd impovmnt-ointd oftw nvionmnt, IEEE Tnction on Softw Eninin, Jun, 1988.

Installation Instructions GOOSENECK MOUNTING KIT Ford F-250/F-350 Super Duty Will not fit Cab-on-Chassis vehicles

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