THE ROLE OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY IN STRATEGIC WASTE MANAGEMENT. Ch. Stiglitz

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "THE ROLE OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY IN STRATEGIC WASTE MANAGEMENT. Ch. Stiglitz"

Junior Bond
6 years ago
Views:

1 THE ROLE OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY IN STRATEGIC WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Intoduction. Ch. Stiglitz Rcovy of Rsoucs, Fbgss 4/5, 1010 Vinn, Austi Without ny countmsus th volum of wst gows plll to o vn fst thn ou wlth, msud in Goss Domstic Poduct. It is vidnt tht in such scnio vn th most dvncd wst mngmnt tchnologis will not b sufficint to nsu sustinbl gowth nd dvlopmnt fo ou civiliztion. It must thfo b fundmntl conston of succssful sustinbl wst mngmnt sttgy to ct wys nd mns to duc wst minimiz wst poduction, fcilitt cycling, incs th qulity nd vlu of th cycld mtils tc. It should b notd h tht nw studis show tht sustinbl wst mngmnt sttgy holds th lgst shot-tm potntil fo CO2 duction (Souc: ISWA Whit Pp, Wst nd Climt, Dc.2009) 2. Sttgis fo Wst Rduction Effots to duc wst w in th pst oftn put into th sponsibility of th tditionl stkholds of th wst mngmnt businss: th Communitis, th Wst Opto Industy nd th Acdmic institutions.. Th sults so f w not stisfctoy nd lsting. Som obvious xmpls th ncougmnt of th consum to mov to immtil consumption nd vious buy lss cmpigns, which fight losing bttl ginst pofssionl commcil consum industy dvtising, conomic msus to ncoug -us (spcilly th notoious pomotions of fillbl bvg contins though mndtoy dposit systms, which did not in th lst stop th pid dclin of fillbl systms nd cusd nomous dditionl costs to th consum, nd mo. 3. Th Concpt of EPR Slowly it bcm cl tht wst minimiztion nd /o duction sttgis cn nv function ffctivly t th End of Pip phs of poduct, but must b implmntd much li in its lif cycl. At th nd of poduct s usful lif it bcoms wst, which hs to b dlt with t bst pctiss with th suitbl nd vilbl mthods of wst mngmnt s it is. Any sttgy to duc th wst volum, to fcilitt covy, to impov cyclbility nd to impov th qulity of th sulting scondy mtil cn only b succssfully lizd much li in th poduction of th poduct.

2 Dsign nd constuction of poduct thfo not only dtmins its functionlity, qulity nd cost duing its usful lif, but lso its wst pofil nd chctistic t th nd of it. Consquntly it is th own of th dsign nd constuction phs who plys th ky ol in poduct ointd fficint wst mngmnt sttgy. Envionmntl Policy must thfo mk th poduct poduc, mnufctuing nd til industy lso sponsibl fo th wst phs of thi poduct, i.. xtnding th tditionl sponsibility of th poduc byond th functionl qulity of thi poduct duing its poductiv lif into fficint disposl t th nd of it s lif, obliging thm lso to stblish nd finnc covy, cycling of it, tc. As consqunc EU nd lso OECD wst mngmnt policy cognizd th shifting of sponsibility fo nd-of-lif (i.. wst) mngmnt of poducts wy fom th wst mngmnt industy nd communitis to poducs nd distibutos s mjo wst duction sttgy. A foml dfinition of EPR my b th following: EPR is n nvionmntl policy ppoch wh th poduc s sponsibility, physicl nd/o finncil, fo poduct is xtndd to th post consum stg of poduct s lif cycl. Poducs ccpt thi sponsibility whn thy dsign thi poducts to minimiz lif cycl impcts nd whn thy ccpt lgl, physicl nd/o conomic sponsibility fo th nvionmntl impcts tht cnnot b limintd by dsign. A pimy function of EPR is th tnsf of th costs nd/o physicl sponsibility (full o ptil) of wst mngmnt wy fom locl govnmnt uthoitis nd th gnl txpy to tht of th poduc. (OECD Guidnc Mnul fo Govnmnt EPR, Dc.1999) Disposl costs must consquntly b intnlizd by th poducs, b clcultd into th totl poduct costs, nd consquntly bcom pt of th industil poductivity optimiztion pocss. This pincipl is ldy t wok. Nw concpts mg nd cuntly stt of th t copot sttgis,.g. dsign fo cycling, dsign fo dconstuction, o intnsifid simpl cost cutting pocdus lik wight ductions of bottls, cns tc. 4. EPR in Lgisltu This so clld Extndd Poduc Rsponsibility (EPR) quis lgl bs to bcom functionl. Bsd on th ntionl Wst Lws, spcil odinncs w ctd fo this pupos Th Pion Effot: th Gmn Vpckungsvodnung Th fist ffot ws th lgndy VpVO in Gmny, intoducd by th visiony Klus Töpf, thn Minist of th Envionmnt, which bcm into ffct in It ws followd by th Fnch nd Austin pckging odinncs in 1992 nd Pckging ws th fist tgt bcus of th compbl high impct on th MSW quntity (pckging wst constituts c 20-25% of totl MSW nd cn b covd nd cycld th sily). Intoduction of th ERP pincipl to pckging hd stong impct on th obligd industy, cting nomous focus on pckging duction, nd incss public wnss of th cycling issu s th spt collction on cub sids o fom houss w intoducd.

4.2. EPR in EU Wst Sttgy nd Lgisltu EPR is n impotnt pt of th EU Wst Policy nd th EU Pvntion nd Rcycling Sttgy (COM(2005)) Figu 1 Th pincipl of EPR is cuntly pplid to ll suitbl wst componnts lik

3 4.2. EPR in EU Wst Sttgy nd Lgisltu EPR is n impotnt pt of th EU Wst Policy nd th EU Pvntion nd Rcycling Sttgy (COM(2005)) Figu 1 Th pincipl of EPR is cuntly pplid to ll suitbl wst componnts lik pckging nd pckging wst, lcticl nd lctonic wst, lmps, bttis nd vhicls. Bsiclly th gultions oblig th poduc nd impot to tk bck nd cycl th poduct which h puts on th ntionl mkt (.g. pckging, btty, figto tc,) t th nd of its lif nd pot th numbs to th uthoitis. Usully tgts fo ths obligtions st in ctin pcntg of th sls volums. Sinc th mjoity of th obligos cnnot mt ths tgts (th quot ) thmslvs du to th ntu of thi businss, thy hv lso th option to tnsf ths obligtions to dfind thid pty ginst volum ltd monty contibution (th fs ). Such thid pty is usully stt ctifid institution ( complinc systm ) who gin sts up th quid ntionl collction systms nd ssus th ppopit cycling ctivitis to mt th tgts, nd issus th quid pots Pckging Pt out of th mging EU nvionmntl sttgy nd pt out of th f of sious mkt distotions nd td-bis s sult of individul mmb stts issuing individul pckging odinncs th EU followd with th Dictiv on Pckging nd Pckging Wst in 1994 (94/62EC), confiming th EPR pincipl in EU Wst Policy. Th Euopn Union is sking to hmoniz ntionl msus concning th mngmnt of pckging nd pckging wst to povid high lvl of nvionmntl potction nd nsu th functionlity of th intnl mkt.

4 Th w svl mndmnts, on stting incsd covy nd cycling tgts (Di 2004/12EC) t of totl covy of pckging mtil, with mbitious mtil tgts nging fom 22,5% of Plstics nd 60% fo pp nd glss, but lso xtnding th listion dts fo th nw Mmb stts WEEE Th scond most impotnt subjct of EPR ws in th fild of covy nd cycling wst fom lcticl nd lctonic quipmnt ((Di 2002/95EC). Poducs nd impots obligd to tk bck thi poducts nd tk c of pop ttmnt/cycling. Th tgt dfind is in this dictiv th wight p cpit p y, st cuntly t 4 kg/p cpit. Th is poposl pnding to chng this tgt to pcntg of 65% of th wight put on th mkt. Totl volums of WEEE quipmnt put on th mkt in th EU 27 cuntly stimtd t c. 9.3 Mio t (dt fo 2005, souc: 2008 Rviw of th WEEE Dictiv, UNU). Collction of WEEE wst mins minly in th sponsibility of th communitis, th complinc systms to tk ov nd cycl thi obligd quntitis nd compnst finncilly fo covy costs Bttis nd Accumultos, gultd by Di End- of- lif-vhicls, gultd in Di 2000/53EC Th volums of nd-of-lif vhicls in th EU stimtd t Mio t p.. Th tgts st 85% to b usd o covd nd t lst 80% to b usd o cycld, fom 2008 only vhicls my b put on th mkt which cn b covd up to 95% nd cycld up to 85 %. Mnufctus obligd to tk bck EOL vhicls t no cost to th consums. 5. Th Emgnc of Dul Systms nd th Gn Dot As ldy mntiond, fulfilling th quit chllnging covy nd cycling tgts is lmost impossibl fo most of th obligd industy. Thfo th ltntiv of tnsfing th obligtions to qulifid thid pty, complinc systm, is widly usd nd, fo th mjoity of obligos, th only wy to comply. Lgisltion usully dfins th conditions quid fo th ctifiction of such systm.g. constucting, mintining nd finncing ntionwid collction fcilitis, cycling mthods, communiction to th consum, tc. nd, of cous, covy nd cycling tgts. Consquntly, th obligd industy stblishs such complinc systms thmslvs, shing ownship nd sponsibility, to kp in contol of th costs nd qulity of such systm. Th mission of such systm is thfo usully to scu complinc to th lw fo its customs t th lowst sustinbl cost. Consquntly most lso follow non-pofit pincipl. Sinc quit diffnt ntionl lgl povisions xist in th Mmb Stts, th systms diff ccodingly. Som cov th full costs of covy on on xtm (.g. Gmny, Austi, Spin, tc) nd oths only obligd to mk contibutions to communitis fo spt collction (Fnc, Czch Rp, tc.)

Th Emgnc of Dul Systms Houshold Wst Houshold Wst Mngmnt on Diffnt Gnl Wst Collction Oth Wst MSW Pckging Wst Lvls All Wst Typs io B s u do z H u l ky B l u id s t s R W s tic s l P s t l M p P s it h

wst collction mgd; systms which xist in plll to th gul ubn wst collction optd by th communitis nd finncd though wst fs, nd ognizd by pivt inititiv, ownd by industy nd finncd though poduct sls tuly

5 Th Emgnc of Dul Systms Houshold Wst Houshold Wst Mngmnt on Diffnt Gnl Wst Collction Oth Wst MSW Pckging Wst Lvls All Wst Typs io B s u do z H u l ky B l u id s t s R W s tic s l P s t l M p P s it h l WG d s u lo l o G C f il d n L g s tin o p m o C t/ n n tm tio / T in ng c o ti In S t/ n tm y v / T co ng o ti R S fil d n L n/ tio c in In Soting/Rcovy Figu 2 As sult nw concpt of finncing spt wst collction mgd; systms which xist in plll to th gul ubn wst collction optd by th communitis nd finncd though wst fs, nd ognizd by pivt inititiv, ownd by industy nd finncd though poduct sls tuly dul systms Th Emgnc of Dul Systms Finncing Rsidu l wst Bio wst Hzdous w st Bulky wst Non pckging Pp Mtls Pck ging ws t Elcticl nd lctonic quipmnt B tti s Syst m op to Fin ncing Mthod Communitis Wst fs/txs Dul Systm Fs on wight o unit Py Consums/Citizns Obligd compnis (Extndd poduc sponsibility) Souc: ARA Figu 3

Th Gmn complinc schm, th Dul Systm Dutschlnd Gs.m.b.H. (DSD) vn divs its nm fom this. Inspbly connctd with th mgnc of dul systms in pckging is th symbol of th Gn Dot.

6 Th Gmn complinc schm, th Dul Systm Dutschlnd Gs.m.b.H. (DSD) vn divs its nm fom this. Inspbly connctd with th mgnc of dul systms in pckging is th symbol of th Gn Dot. Oftn th focus of stong citicism bcus of llgd mislding mssgs it bcm nd still mins th most widly usd tdmk in th wold. Th discussion bout wht it stnds fo is ppntly nv nding. Evn now othwis quit qulifid xpts still gt it wong (.g. US Envionmntl Potction Agncy, Rcycling nd Rus: Pckging Mtil: Rus nd Rcycling, As contibution to btt undstnding h is th tu mning: "Th Gn Dot" on pckging mns tht fo such pckging finncil contibution hs bn pid to qulifid ntionl pckging covy ognistion tht hs bn st up in ccodnc with th pincipls dfind in Euopn Pckging nd Pckging Wst Dictiv 94/62 nd th spctiv ntionl lw (Souc: Po-Euop s.p..l.) 6. Implmnttion of EPR in th EU Mmb Stts Cuntly ll Mmb Stts hv th ppopit lgisltu in plc nd th complinc systm stblishd. Cub sid spt pckging collction bins o bgs hv bcom pt of city infstuctu nd sption of lcticl pplincs, bttis nd lmps hs bn gtting mo nd mo stblishd s intgl pt of th psonl lifstyl nd dily lif outin of th citizns which tk nvionmnt potction incsingly sious. Figu 4

Spt Collction fom Houshold Pckging Th Austin

convnint systm fo th collction of lightwight

hd svl studis md on th impct of th spctiv

Rsults fom th countis of cous quit diffnt nd

7 Spt Collction fom Houshold Pckging Th Austin Exmpl Typicl collction sit in Vinn Th yllow bg s convnint systm fo th collction of lightwight pckging Souc: ARA Figu 5 Spt Collction fom Houshold Pckging Th Austin Exmpl Collction of Plstic Bottls Souc: ARA 7. Th sults of EPR Lgisltu Figu 6 Th EU Commission hd svl studis md on th impct of th spctiv dictivs. Rsults fom th countis of cous quit diffnt nd dpnd on GDP, infstuctu dvlopmnt, nd th lvl of ntionl tgts. Th nw Mmb Stts hv gc piod

8 to ch th mtil tgts of pckging st by th 2006 mndmnt of th EU pckging dictiv. Th following chts giv n ovviw of ths chivmnts nd show th considbl diffncs in sults fo pckging, lcticl nd lctonic quipmnt nd nd-of-lif vhicls. Souc: Eu ostt Figu 7

Souc: Euostt Figu 8 A considbl issu sms to b th poting systm nd mthods, which diff substntilly, thby mking compisons of Mmb Stt sults difficult. 8. Wht hppns outsid Euop?

9 Souc: Euostt Figu 8 A considbl issu sms to b th poting systm nd mthods, which diff substntilly, thby mking compisons of Mmb Stt sults difficult. 8. Wht hppns outsid Euop? Th concpt of EPR hs bn in discussion in mny countis in th wold. Th dvlopmnts in th EU bing wtchd vy closly. EPR fo pckging wst ws intoducd fo instnc in Jpn nd Isl. Nighbouing countis to th EU considing mmbship considing intoducing simil lgisltu o hv ldy don so,.g. Mcdoni, Bosni, Coti, nd of cous, Sbi. In Cnd xists numb of volunty movmnts (. g. Ontio Stwdship ), nd th govnmnt hs cntly dcidd it to nt lgisltion. In th USA w s cuntly quit violnt discussion btwn pos nd cons on fundmntl lvl; in Clifoni EPR lgisltu concning pckging covy ws only nowly blockd. Volunty industy ctivitis xists (.g. Sony tk bck vntu in Minnsot) 9. Complinc Systms nd th comptitiv nvionmnt Du to th high covy tgts businss volums of complinc systms cn gow quit high, th lgst ons in Euop chiv vnus up of svl hundd Mio p.. In som countis thy t mong th biggst customs of th locl wst mngmnt compnis. Futhmo, th incsing pics nd dmnds fo scondy w mtil mk this mkt mo nd mo ttctiv. Consquntly mo nd mo ntpiss tying to nt this mkt of complinc, climing f ccss in th nw mmb stt but lso incsingly in th old ons.

10 Founn is fquntly th wst mngmnt industy bcus of th dvntgs gind fom vticl intgtion nd th scp fom chllnging tnds fom th obligo-ownd systms. DG Comptition uld spcilly in th cs of th DSD tht th Gmn mkt hs to b opnd t ny costs. Th sults in Gmny w xtmly poblmtic: with 8-10 compnis nting th mkt s compting complinc systms fid numbs climbd fom lmost zo to stgging 50% (which mns tht only bout hlf of th obligos py thi fs), qul ttmnt of customs ws bndond nd th Gmn industy s th found nd own of DSD hd to sll it to n intntionl invsto. In Polnd th now ov 30 comptitos fighting fo thi sh of pckging customs. As sult th littl o no invstmnts in ntionwid collction systms nd consum duction, nd it is not fosbl whn th collction infstuctu will b in plc quid to ch th tgts. Ths xpincs dmonstt tht th uls of f mkt my not fully b pplicbl to such s of public svics povision. Spcific gultions sm ncssy to void sid ffcts of th common pofit ointd copot sttgis which ndng n dqut, sustinbl nd fi build-up, mintnnc nd dvlopmnt of th quid ntion-wid collction systm nd cycling infstuctu. Ths msus should includ t lst: th stblishmnt of singul ntity fo th build up of th covy infstuctu povisions to void mkt distotions which my b cusd by compting systms tying to gin dvntgs on th mkt:.g. nsu qul ttmnt of ll obligos, void coss subsidis of mtil fs, ncoug long-tm contcts with cycls to pvnt shot tm spcultion with scondy mtils, tc povisions to high qulity nd sustinbility in mngmnt nd pfomnc of th complinc systms by stting mbitious qulity pquisits fo th ctifiction of n ntity s such systm, nd stblish n dqut udit pocdu. 10. Summy Th EPR pincipl hs bcom on of th mjo constons of sustinbl Wst Policy in th EU Mmb Stts nd of mny oth countis thoughout th wold. It is th undlying pincipl of numb of wst dictivs nd lws, which hv bn in plc in som countis fo mo thn 15 ys. Its vlidity hs bn cognizd widly. In ll EU Mmb Stts nd mny oths complinc systms xist nd wok, mo thn 50 in th of Pckging Rcycling nd WEEE only. Th mnufctuing industy hs ccptd thi sponsibility by moving into nw poduct dsign pincipls nd by cting nd finncing th complinc systms quid. Wst industy nd communitis hv povn thmslvs s vlubl ptns of ths systms nd plyd thi ol pofssionlly. Wst sption hs bcom widly ccptd by th citizns s thi sponsibility in mintining sustinbl lif styl, nd spt collction is mo nd mo bcoming

11 outin pt of dily lif. Mo nd mo ubn cub sid collction bins bcom visibl s pt of city infstuctu in ll Euopn cpitls. Rcovy nd Rcycling volums quit high nd thoughout th EU tgts mt. Th is still lot of wok to do, spcilly in dfinitions, poting tc., nd th djusting of fsibl covy nd cycling tgts to ch th optimum btwn nvionmntl potction nd conomicl fsibility is pmnnt pocss. It will b mjo chllng fo ll nw Mmb Stts nd th oth countis spiing to bcom Mmb to intoduc suitbl lgisltu nd ssist th fldgling o mging complinc ognistions to stblish pop ntionl wid collction systms. It will lso qui hug ffot to infom nd duct th public in thos s bout th ncssity to ply thi pt nd motivt thm to undtk th dditionl ffot. Expinc shows tht it cn b don nd tht th cologicl gin is dfinitly woth th ffot, lthough vy ntion nd cultu will qui its own wy nd mthod.

Content Skills Assessments Lessons. Pull Ups with progressions. Stick Curl Ups with progressions. Push Ups with progressions

Content Skills Assessments Lessons. Pull Ups with progressions. Stick Curl Ups with progressions. Push Ups with progressions Tach: CORE Physical Education Gad 4 Ya: 2012-13 Cous: Physical Education Gad 4 Month: All Months S p t m b O c t o b P Class Wam Up Activity Essntial Qustions What a th bnfits of bing physically fit? How