Nervous system NEURON. Nervous system divisions. TYPES OF NEURONS (morfological division) Body (perikaryon)
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1 Nervous system Nervous system 1) Sensory function changes in the internal and external environment 2) Integrative function analyse, store and compare informations 3) Motor function responds to stimuli by initiating contraction and glandular secretion Receptor CNS analyzing Efector Striated muscles Smooth muscles Myocardium Glands Sensor (afferent, centripetal neurons) Motor (efferent, centrifugal neurons) Nervous system divisions 1) Centran Nervous System (CNS) brain, spinal cord 2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cranial nerves (I-XII), spinal nerves (31 pairs), vegetative (visceral or autonomic) system NEURON Body (perikaryon) Dendrits (denritic zone) neurit (axon) inicial segment Schwann s covering Myelin covering Schwann cells with fat (PNS) Oligodendrocytes (CNS) Ranvier nodes internodal segments GLIAL CELLS TYPES OF NEURONS (morfological division) multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, unipolar Makroglia (astrocytes) transport of substances between capillary and neuron Oligodendroglia covering of axons in CNS Schwann cells covering of axons in PNS Mikroglia fagocytation activity Ependym cover ventricles 1
2 1. SENSORIC (ascendent, aferent, centripetal) Somatosensoric (proprioception, exteroception) Viscerosensoric (interoception) 2. MOTOR Somatomotor (striated muscles) Visceromotor sympaticus, parasympaticus vegetativ, autonomic (smooth muscles, heart, glands) 3. INTERNEURONS TYPES OF NEURONS (functional division) DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Central (CNS) spinal cord, brain Gray matter bodies of neurons (cortex, nuclei) White matter myelinated nerve fibres 2. Peripheral spinal, cranial and autonomic nerves (sensoric, motor, mixed) plexuses Central nervous system Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) Brain (cerebrum, encephalon) Medulla oblongata Pons (pons Varoli) Cerebellum Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (diencephalon) Telencephalon Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) Decussatio pyramidum, spinal nerves C1 Cerical Saccus durae matris Thoracic Lumbar Sacral L 1-2 adults, L 3-4 newborns SEGMENTS 2
3 Dura mater Arachnoidea CAUDA EQUINA ROOTS, MENINGES Dorsal root Ventral root Dorsal root ganglion SPINAL NERVE ROOTS SEGMENTS GANGLION SPINALE Lumbar puncture 3
4 BRAIN STEM Medulla oblongata Pons (pons Varoli) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (diencephalon) Medulla oblongata spinal cord continuation (20 25mm) (bulbus medullae spinalis) from 1. pair of spinal nervesu (decussatio pyramidum) to pons Varoli sulcus bulbopontinus (VI., VII., VIII.) sulcus lateralis anterior (XII.) sulcus lateralis posterior (IX., X., XI.) pyramis medullae oblongatae (Corticospinal tract) Fossa rhomboidea Bottom of the fourth ventricle (dorsal side of brain stem) 1. pars superior (mesencephalon) 2. pars intermedia (pons Varoli) 3. pars inferior (medulla oblongata) between pedunculi cerebellares inf. sulcus medianus sulci limitantes (eminentia medialis) trigonum nervi hypogloossi trigonum nervi vagi (fovea inferior) Pons Varoli sulcus basilaris (a. basilaris) sulcus bulbopontinus VI. nervus abducens VII. nervus facialis VIII. nervus vestibulocochlearis pedunculi cerebellares medii V. nervus trigeminus Lateral side of pons Varoli pedunculus cerebellaris medius nervus trigeminus 4
5 Midbrain (mesencephalon) Between pons Varoli and kem (asi 30 mm) Dorsal side of pons Varoli Middle portion of fossa rhomboidea crura (pedunculi) cerebri fossa interpeduncularis sulcus nervi oculomotorii n. III. (nervus oculomotorius) Dorsal side of midbrain corpora quadrigemina (lamina tecti) Pars superior fossae rhomboideae colliculi superiores (optic-motor reflexes) colliculi inferiores (akustic motor reflexes) Connected with hindbrain (CGL, CGM) pedunculi cerebellares superiores velum medullare superius frenulum veli medullaris superioris n. IV. nervus trochlearis Cerebellum Posterior cranial fossa (fossae cerebellares) On the dorsal side of brain stem Boundaires of the fourth ventricle fissura transversa cerebri (tentorium cerebelli) separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes 5
6 Cerebellum g Vermis cerebelli Hemispheria cerebelli Margo anterior (incisura cerebelli ant.) Margo posterior (incisura cerebelli post.) Pedunculus flocculi Flocculus Sulci cerebelli Folia cerebelli Connected with brain stem by three peduncles: 1. Pedunculi cerebellares sup. (midbrain) velum medullare sup. 2. Pedunculi cerebellares med. (pons Varoli) 3. Pedunculi cerebellares inf. (medulla oblongata) fastigium velum medullare inf. Functional division of cerebellum: 1. vestibular (archicerebellum) lingula, pars nodulofloccularis 2. spinal (palaeocerebellum) medial and paramedial zone lobus anterior and posterior 3. cerebral (neocerebellum) lateral zone lobus anterior and posterior 1. balance 2. tonus 3. coordination lenghth estimation Archi - palleo neo CEREBELLUM fylogenetic and functional division Diencephalon (hindbrain) Thalamencephalon Thalamus Epithalamus Metathalamus sulcus hypothalamicus ( sulcus limitans ) GRAY MATTER cortex cerebelli on the surface of hemispheria and vermis Hypothalamus a subthalamus nuclei cerebelli (ncll. fastigii, ncl. globosi, ncl. emboliformis, ncl. dentatus) WHITE MATTER arbor vitae (tree of life) 6
7 ROSTRAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON BASAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON Chiasma opticum Hypophysis cerebri Corpora mamillaria Lamina terminalis (between commisura anterior and chiasma opticum) DORSAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON Thalamus Tuberculum thalami anterius Epithalamus Pulvinar thalami Stria terminalis (vena thalamostriata) Taenia choroidea (tela choroidea ventriculi lateralis) Corpus pineale (epiphysis) CHANGING OF THE DAY AND NIGHT Stria medullaris thalami (tela choroidea ventriculi tertii) Epithalamus MEDIAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON Metathalamus corpus geniculatum mediale (auditory tract) corpus geniculatum laterale (optic tract) lateral side of III. ventricle sulcus hypothalamicus (foramen interventriculare - aquaductus cerebri) adhesio interthalamica 7
8 LATERAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON TELENCEPHALON Connected with structures of telencephalon (capsula interna, nucleus caudatus) Hemisphaeria cerebri Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Cortex cerebri Sulci cerebri Gyri cerebri Polus frontalis Polus occipitalis Polus temporalis Hemispheria cerebri Lobes of telencephalon: Sulcus lateralis ramus ant., ascen., post. Sulcus centalis Sulcus parietooccipitalis facies superolateralis (convexa) Incisura praeoccipitalis (impresio petrosa) Lobus frontalis facies medialis facies inferior margo superior margo inferior margo medialis Lobus parietalis Lobus occipitalis Lobus temporalis Lobus insulae Facies superolateralis cerebri gyruses Facies inferior cerebri sulci et gyri 8
9 Facies medialis cerebri sulci et gyri Lobus insulae Corpus callosum Operculum frontale parietale temporale Basal ganglia Gray matter with hemispheres Corpus amygdaloideum Globus pallidus Nucleus caudatus Putamen Claustrum 9
10 Ventricles of the brain Ventriculi laterales foramen interventriculare Ventriculus tercius aqueductus mesencephali Ventriculus quartus canalis centralis THE FOURTH VENTRICLE Between the brain stem and cerebellum Fossa rhomboidea sulcus medianus sulci limitantes eminentia medialis pars superior, intermedia, inferior Tegmen ventriculi quarti velum medullare superius fastigium velum medullare inferius Pars superior fovea superior (n. V.) locus coeruleus Pars intermedia stria medullaris, recessus lat. colliculus facialis (n. VI.) area vestibularis tuberculum acusticum Pars inferior trigonum nervi hypogloossi trigonum nervi vagi (fovea inferior) THE THIRD VENTRICLE In the midline between both hemispheres Lateral wall: Thalamus adhesio interthalamica sulcus hypothalamicus foramen interventriculare Hypothalamus Basal wall: Hypothalamus Recessus opticus Recessus infundibularis Anterior wall: lamina terminalis commisura ant. pars libera columnae fornicis Posterior wall: recessus suprapinealis commisura habenularum recessus pinealis commisura posterior aquaeductus cerebri Roof: tela choroidae ventriculi III. (stria medullaris thalami, trigonum habenulae, commisura habenularum) recessus suprapinealis 10
11 LATERAL VENTRICLE Cornu anterius (frontal lobe): Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Pars centralis: Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Stria terminalis Cornu anterius (lobus frontalis), pars centralis (lobus parietalis), cornu posterius (lobus occipitalis), cornu inferius (lobus temporalis VENTRICULUS LATERALIS Cornu posterius (occipital lobe): Corpus callosum Trigonum collaterale Calcar avis Cornu inferius (temporal lobe): Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Stria terminalis (tela choroidea ventriculi lat.) Fimbria hippocampi Hippocampus (pes hippoc.) Eminentia collateralis MENINGES Spatium epidurale (spinal cord!) Dura mater (encephali, spinalis) Spatium subdurale Arachnoidea Spatium subachanoidale (liquor cerebrospinalis) Pia mater DURA MATER ENCEPHALI LEPTOMENINX ENCEPHALI Falx cerebri (fissura longit. cerebri) Falx cerebelli (incisura cerebelli post.) Tentorium cerebelli (fissura transv. cerebri) incisura tentorii Diaphragma sellae Cavum trigeminale Vagina nervi optici Sinus durae matris Arachnoidea Granulationes arachnoidales Spatium subarachnoidale Liquor cerebrospinalis Cisternae subarachnoidales Pia mater encephali Tela choroidea ventriculorum Plexus choroidei (liquor cerebrospinalis) 11
12 MENINGES MEDULLA SPINALIS Cisternae subarachnoidales cerebellomedullaris, fossae lateralis cerebri, interpeduncularis, chiasmatis, ambiens, lumbalis Endorhachis Arachnoidea spinalis (S 2 ) Spatium epidurale (plexus venosi vertebrales int.) Pia mater spinalis (ligamentum denticulatum) Saccus durae matris (S 2-3, filum durae matris) Spatium subarachnoidale (cisterna lumbalis cauda equina) LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS ml ( per day) ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN Arteria carotis interna Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis (ventriculi III., IV.) Arteria ophthalmica Arteria choroidea ant. foramen interventriculare (ventriculus III.) aqueductus cerebri (ventriculus IV.) canalis centralis (medulla spinalis) apertura mediana, later. ventriculi IV. (spatium subarachnoidale) sinus sagittalis superior vv. radiculares Arteria communicans posterior (circulus arteriosus cerebri) Arteria cerebri media (circulus arteriosus cerebri) Arteria cerebri anterior (circulus arteriosus cerebri) Arteria vertebralis r. spinalis a. basilaris CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS CEREBRI Arteriae cerebri anteriores Arteria cerebri anterior Arteria communicans anterior Arteria cerebri media Arteriae cerebri mediae Arteria cerebri posterior Arteria communicans posterior Arteriae cerebri posteriores 12
13 ARTERIES OF THE SPINAL CORD rr. spinales (branches of the adjacent arteries) aa. radiculares ant. aa. radiculares post. a. spinalis ant. (fissura mediana ant.) 2 aa. spinales post. (sulcus medianus post.) SINUS DURAE MATRIS Sinus sagittalis sup., inf. Sinus occipitalis Sinus rectus Sinus sigmoideus Sinus cavernosus (sinus intercavernosi) Sinus sphenoparietalis Sinus transversus Sinus petrosus sup., inf. Plexus basilaris DEEP VEINS OF THE BRAIN Vena septi pellucidi + Vena choroidea + Vena thalamostriata Vena cerebri interna Vena cerebri magna Sinus rectus SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE BRAIN Vv. cerebri superiores (sinus sagittalis superior) V. cerebri media superficialis (sinus sphenoparietalis nebo sinus cavernosus) Vena anastomatica sup. Vena anastomatica inf. V. cerebri media profunda (vena basalis) Vv. cerebri inferiores (sinus transversus) Vv. cerebri inferiores form vena basilaris (v. cerebri magna) VENOUS PLEXUS OF THE SPINAL CANAL 13
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