Vocabulary for Biology 12 From IRPs

Transcription

1 Vocabulary for Biology 12 From IRPs A1 A3: Processes of Science conclusion control control group controlled variable dependent variable electron micrograph experiment experimental group experimental variable hypothesis B1: Cell Structure cell membrane cell wall cellular respiration chloroplast chromatin chromosome cristae cytoplasm cytoskeleton flagella Golgi bodies lysosome matrix independent variable procedure reliable/reliability repeatable procedure sample size scientific method testable hypothesis theory validity mitochondria nuclear envelope/membrane nuclear pore nucleolus nucleus organelle polysome ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) secretion smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) vacuole vesicle B2 B4:Cell Compounds and Biological Molecules acid double helix acid (carboxyl) group fats adenine glucose adenosine diphosphate glycerol (ADP) guanine adenosine triphosphate glycogen (ATP) hemoglobin alpha helix hydrogen bonding amine group hydrolysis amino acid ion base ionic bond beta pleated sheet inorganic bonding lipid buffer lubricant carbohydrate maltose cellulose monomer complementary base monosaccharide pairing neutral fat covalent bond nitrogenous base cytosine nucleic acids dehydration synthesis nucleotide deoxyribonucleic acid oils (DNA) organic deoxyribose peptide bond dipeptide disaccharide phosphate phospholipid polar molecule polarity polymer polypeptide polysaccharide primary structure protein quaternary structure R-group ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribose saturated fatty acid secondary structure solute solvent specific heat capacity starch steroid sugar-phosphate backbone temperature regulator tertiary structure thymine unsaturated fatty acid uracil

2 B5 B6: DNA Replication complementary base pairing DNA helicase DNA polymerase gene therapy nucleotides recombinant DNA B7 B8: Protein Synthesis addition mutation amino acid anti-codon carcinogen chromosome mutation codon deletion mutation DNA sequence (genetic code) elongation environmental mutagen gene mutation genetic code genetic disorder initiation messenger RNA (mrna) B9 B10: Transport across Cell Membrane active transport bilayer carbohydrates carrier protein cell membrane channel protein cholesterol concentration gradient crenation diffusion endocytosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion facilitated transport fluid-mosaic membrane model B11: Enzymes activation energy biochemical reaction coenzyme competitive inhibitor endocrine gland enzyme enzyme activity enzyme concentration heavy metal homeostasis homeostatic mechanism induced fit model glycolipid glycoprotein hydrophylic hydrophobic hydrostatic pressure hypertonic hypotonic isotonic lysis osmosis osmotic pressure passive transport processes permeable plasma membrane phagocytosis replication semi-conservative replication Look at DNA definitions from B2-B4 mutation polypeptide chain radiation ribosomal RNA (rrna) ribosomes start/stop codons substitution mutation template termination transcription transfer RNA (trna) translation virus X ray metabolism negative feedback non-competitive inhibitor proteins substrate substrate concentration thyroid thyroxin tissue tissue fluid vitamins phospholipid phospholipid bilayer pinocytosis plasmolysis pressure gradient protein selectively permeable solute solvent surface area to volume ratio tonicity turgor

3 C1 C2: Digestive System absorption anaerobic bacteria anus appendix bile capillary cardiac sphincter chemical digestion digestive enzyme digestive tract duodenum emulsification epiglottis esophagus gall bladder gastric juice hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolytic enzymes hydroxide insulin intestinal juice lacteals large intestine (colon) liver maltase microvillus mucus nuclease pancreas pancreatic amylase pancreatic juice pepsin pepsinogen peptidase peristalsis pharynx physical digestion protease pyloric sphincter rectum salivary amylase salivary gland salivary juice/saliva small intestine sodium bicarbonate stomach surface area swallowing trypsin villus C3 C7: Circulatory System albumin anterior vena cava antibody antigen aorta arterial arterial duct atrioventricular valve autonomic nervous atrioventricular (AV) node blood blood pressure blood velocity blood vessel capillary bed capillary tissue fluid exchange cardiac cycle cardiac output carotid artery chordae tendineae coronary artery coronary vein counter-current exchange cross-sectional area diastole diastolic pressure elastic fibres fetal circulation fibrin formed elements globulin heart rate hepatic portal vein hepatic vein hypertension hypotension iliac artery iliac vein jugular vein left atrium left ventricle lumen lymph lymph capillaries lymph node lymphatic lymphatic veins lymphocytes macrophage mesenteric artery net pressure oval opening pacemaker plasma platelets posterior vena cava pulmonary arteries pulmonary circulation pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins pulse Purkinje fibres red blood cell renal artery renal vein right atrium right ventricle sinoatrial (SA) node semi-lunar valve septum stem cell subclavian artery subclavian vein ic circulation systole systolic pressure thoracic total cross-sectional area umbilical artery umbilical vein valve veins venous venous duct vessel wall white blood cell

4 C8 C10: Respiratory System alveoli aortic bodies bicarbonate ions bronchi bronchioles carbaminohemoglobin carbon dioxide carbonic anhydrase carotid bodies cilia diaphragm exhalation/expiration external respiration hydrogen ions inhalation/inspiration intercostal (rib) muscles internal /external respiration and equations larynx lungs mucus nasal cavity oxygen oxyhemoglobin pharynx pleural membrane reduced hemoglobin respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata respiratory tract ribs stretch receptors thoracic cavity trachea C11-C12: Nervous System acetylcholine (ACh) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) action potential adrenal medulla adrenalin/ epinephrine all-or-none response autonomic nervous axomembrane axon axoplasm calcium ion cell body central nervous cerebellum cerebrum contractile proteins corpus collosum cranial nerves dendrite depolarization dorsal- root ganglion downswing effector excitatory hypothalamus impulse inhibitory integration interneuron medulla oblongata meninges motor neuron myelin sheath myelinated nerve fibre neuroendocrine control centre neuron s node of Ranvier norepinephrine/noradren alin parasympathetic division peripheral nervous pituitary gland polarity postsynaptic membrane potassium gate presynaptic membrane protractile protein receptor reflex arc refractory period repolarization resting potential saltatory transmission Schwann cell sensory neuron sodium gate sodium-potassium pump somatic nervous spinal nerves sympathetic division synapse synaptic cleft synaptic ending synaptic vesicle thalamus threshold value upswing C13: Urinary System antidiuretic antidiuretic hormone (ADH) adrenal cortex afferent and efferent arterioles aldosterone ammonia Bowman s capsule collecting duct diuretic excretion glomerulus glucose homeostasis hypothalamus kidney loop of Henle metabolic waste nephron nitrogenous waste osmotic gradient peritubular capillary network posterior pituitary pressure filtration proximal and distal convoluted tubules reabsorption (of water) renal artery renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis renal vein selective reabsorption tubular excretion urea ureter urethra urinary bladder urine

5 C14 C15: Reproductive System acrosome anterior pituitary cervix clitoris corpus luteum Cowper s glands ductus (vas) deferens ejaculation endometrium epidiymis erectile tissue estrogen fimbriae follicles follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) follicular phase gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) head homeostatic regulation human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hypothalamus implantation interstitial cells labour luteal phase luteinizing hormone (LH) menstruation midpiece System-related Words cardiac cerebral endocrine gastric hepatic Process Words compare (similarities and differences) contrast (differences only) explain oogenesis ovarian cycle ovaries oviducts (fallopian tubes) ovulation ovum oxytocin penis positive feedback mechanism progesterone proliferative phase prostaglandins prostate gland scrotum secretory phase seminal fluid seminal vesicles seminiferous tubules sperm spermatogenesis tail (flagellum) testes testosterone urethra urethral opening uterine cycle uterus vagina neural pulmonary renal respiratory vascular facilitate (help) describe relative (relatively high or low)