Dr. V. S. KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) I B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (for 2014 admitted batch) Semester I Course 1: BIOMOLECULES

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1 I B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (for 2014 admitted batch) Semester I Course 1: BIOMOLECULES Module I: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Classification, monosaccharides, D and L designation, open chain and cyclic structures, epimers and anomers, mutarotation, reactions of carbohydrates (due to functional groups - hydroxyl, aldehyde and ketone). Amino sugars, Glycosides. Structure and biological importance of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose), trisaccharides (raffinose,), structural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, pectin) and storage polysaccharides (starch, inulin, glycogen). Glycosaminoglycans, Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. Module II: Lipids Lipids: Classification, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, structure and properties of fats and oils (acid, saponi ficition and iodine values, rancidity). General properties and structures of phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol. Formation of micelles. Biomembranes-Membrane composition and organization Fluid mosaic model. Module -III: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins ph, Buffers, Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. Amino Acids: Classification, structure, stereochemistry, chemical reactions of amino acids due to carbonyl and amino groups. Titration curve of glycine and pk values. Essential and non-essential amino acids, non-protein amino acids. Peptide bond - nature and conformation. Naturally occuring peptides - Glutathione, Enkephalin. Module -IV : Proteins Proteins: Classification based on solubility, shape and function. Determination of amino acid composition of proteins. General properties of proteins, denaturation of proteins. Structural organization of proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures (Eg. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin), forces stabilizing the structure of protein.

2 I B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (for 2014 admitted batch) Semester II Course 2: BIOMOLECULES NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ENZYMES Module -I: Nucleic Acids Nature of nucleic acids. Structure of purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides. Stability and formation of phosphodiester linkages. Structure of Nucleic acids- Watson- Crick DNA double helix structure. Denaturation of nucleic acids- hyperchromic effect, Tm-values and their significance. Types of RNA and DNA. Module -II: Porphyrins Structure & properties of porphyrins, Light absorption-soret band. Structure, properties and functions of heme. Structure, properties and functions of chlorophylls. Structure, properties and functions of cytochromes. Module -III: Introduction to Enzymes Introduction to biocatalysis, differences between chemical and biological catalysis. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Enzyme specificity. Active site. Principles of energy of activation, transition state. Interaction between enzyme and substrate- lock and key, induced fit models. Definition of holo-enzyme, apo-enzyme, coenzyme, cofactor, Zymogen. Enzyme units. Isoenzymes (LDH). Multienzyme complxes (PDH). Ribozyme. Industrial applications of enzymes. Module -IV: Kinematics of Enzymes Factors affecting the catalysis- substrate concentration, ph, temperature. Michaelis - Menten equation for uni-substrate reaction (derivation not necessary), significance of KM and Vmax. Enzyme inhibition- irreversible and reversible, types of reversible inhibitions- competitive and non-competitive. Enzyme Catalysis- Acid-Base Catalysis, Covalent Catalysis, Electrostatic and Metal ion catalysis. Regulation of enzyme activityallosterism and cooperatitvity, ATCase as an allosteric enzyme. Enzyme immobilization.

3 II B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (for 2014 admitted batch) Semester II Course 3: BIOENERGETICS & METABOLISM Module I : Bioenergetics Energy transformations in the living system, Free energy concept. Exergonic and endergonic reactions. High energy compounds. Phosphate group transfer potential. Substrate level phosphorylation. Biological oxidations: Definition, enzymes involved- oxidases, dehydrogenases and oxygenases. Redox reactions. Redox couplers. Reduction potential (, o, o ). Standard reduction potential ( o ). Module II : Biological oxidation Ultra structure of mitochondria. Electron transport chain and carriers involved. Oxidative phosphorylation, theories of oxidative phosphorylation- Mitchell s chemiosmotic theory. F o F 1 - ATPase. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers. Ultra structure of chloroplast, Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Module III : Carbohydrate Metabolism Concept of anabolism and catabolism. Glycolytic pathway, energy yield. Fate of pyruvate- formation of lactate and ethanol, Pasteur effect. Citric acid cycle, regulation, energy yield, amphipathic role. Anaplerotic reactions. Module IV: Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Photosytnthesis- Light and Dark reactions, Calvin cycle, C 4 Pathway. Gyloxalate cycle.

4 II B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (for 2014 admitted batch) Semester II Course 4: METABOLISM Module I: Lipid Metabolism Catabolism of fatty acids (β- oxidation) with even and odd number of carbon atoms, Ketogenesis, de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Elongation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol and lecithin. Biosynthesis of cholesterol. Module II : Metabolism of Nucleic acids & Porphyrins Biosynthesis and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, de novo and salvage pathways. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides- ribonucleotide reductase and thymidylate synthase and their significance. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism- Gout, Lesch- Nyhan syndrome. Biosynthesis and degradation of heme. Module III : Metabolism of Amino acids General reactions of amino acid metabolism- transamination, decarboxylation and deamination. Urea cycle and regulation. Catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acidsglycogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Module IV: Metabolism of glycine, serine, aspartic acid, methionine, phenylalanine and leucine. Biosynthesis of creatine. Inborn errors of aromatic and branched chain amino acid.

5 Semester V Advanced-1: Course 5: IMMUNOLOGY Module 1: Basics of Immunology Innate and acquired immunity. Organization of immune system- Organs and cells of immune system. Classification of immunoglobulins. Epitopes / antigenic determinants. Concept of haptens. Adjuvants. Cell mediated and humoral immunity (T- and B- cells). Monoclonal antibodies. Module II: Immunodiagnostics Antigen-antibody reactions- agglutination, immunoprecipitation, immunodiffusion. Immunodiagnostics-RIA, ELISA. Complement fixation. Vaccines and their classification. Traditional vaccines-live and attenuated, toxoids. Modern vaccines- recombinant and peptide vaccines. Auto immune disorders.

6 Semester V Advanced2 Course 5a: ELECTIVE - I : BIOINFORMATICS Module I: Bioinformatics Introduction to Bioinformatics-definitions of proteomics and genomics. Gene bank, NCBI, DDBJ, Swissprot, PDB. BLAST and FASTA (definitions). Module II: Radio isotopes, units of radio activity, half life, β and γ- emitters, use of radioactive isotopes in biology. Polymerase chain reaction- principle and applications. Outlines of blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western.

7 Semester VAdvanced 2 Course 5b: Elective-II : BIOCHEMICAL ECHNIQUES Module I: Centrifugation,chromatorgraphy and electrophoresis Principle and applications of centrifugation techniques- differential, density gradient. Ultra-centrifugation- preparative and analytical. Principle and applications of chromatographic techniques- paper, thin layer, gel filtration, ion- exchange and affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis- principles and applications of paper, polyacrylamide (native and SDS) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Module II: Colorimetry and spectrophotometry Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry - Laws of light absorption- Beer-Lambert law. UV and visible absorption spectra, molar extinction coefficient, biochemical applications of spectrophotometer.

8 Semester V Applied Course 6: NUTRITION & ENDOCRINOLOGY Module I: Nutrition Balanced diet. Calorific values of foods and their determination by bomb calorimeter. BMR and factors affecting it. Specific dynamic action of foods. Recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Sources of complete and incomplete proteins. Biological value of proteins. Malnutrition- Kwashiorkar, Marasmus. Vitamins- sources, structure, biochemical roles, deficiency disorders of water and fat soluble vitamins. Bulk and trace elements - Ca, Mg, Fe, I, Cu, Mo, Zn, Se and F. Obesity. Module II: Endocrinology Organization of endocrine system. Classification of hormones. Outlines of chemistry, physiological role and disorders of hormones of pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, gonads, placenta, adrenals, pituitary. Introduction of gastrointestinal hormones. Mechanism of hormonal action- signal transduction pathways for adrenaline, glucocorticoids and insulin.

9 Semester VI Applied 2 Course 6a: ELECTIVE- I: PHYSIOLOGY Module I: Physiology Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Haemoglobin & transport of gases in blood(o 2 & Co 2 ). Heart- structure of the heart, cardiac cycle. Module II : Muscle- kinds of muscles, structure of myofibril, organization of contractile proteins and mechanism of muscle contraction.

10 Semester VI Course 6b: ELECTIVE II: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Module I: Clinical Biochemistry Disorders of blood coagulation (haemophilia). Haemoglobinopathies-sickle cell anemia and thalassemias. Liver diseases-jaundice, hepatitis. Liver function tests- conjugated and total bilurubin in serum, albumin:globulin ratio, hippuric acid and bromsulphthalein tests. Serum enzymes in liver diseases- SGPT, GGT and alkaline phosphatase. Module II: Kidneys-structure of nephron, urine formation, Renal function tests- creatinine and urea clearance tests, phenol red test. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism- hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria,. Diabetes mellitus-classification. Disorders of lipid metabolism- lipoproteinemias,,hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis. Biochemical tests for the diagnosis of heart diseases- HDL/LDL cholesterol, SGOT, LDH, CK, C-reactive protein, cardiac troponins.

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