Question #2 Fructose, galactose, and glucose are monosaccharides (simple sugars). The open chain form of glucose is drawn below:
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1 II. Carbohydrates Question #1: List two functions of carbohydrates 1. Energy source 2. Energy storage 3. Components of cell walls and other protective structures 4. Recognition and signaling 5. Components of coenzymes and nucleic acids Question #2 Fructose, galactose, and glucose are monosaccharides (simple sugars). The open chain form of glucose is drawn below: While this form exists in cells, it is not the predominant form. What other form predominates?
2 The cyclic form *Make sure you know how to number the carbons! Would you predict that monosaccharides would be soluble in water??
3 Question #3: Two monosaccharides can be linked by a glycosidic bond. The picture below shows the disaccharide maltose which is composed of 2 glucose subunits. Lactose, the disaccharide in is composed of 1 galactose and 1 glucose subunit. Sucrose, or, is made up of 1 glucose and 1 fructose subunit. a. fruit, sacchrine b. milk, table sugar c. candy, splenda d. coconut, maltose b
4 Question #4: Oligosaccharides are short chains of sugars containing between 2 and 10 subunits. Polysaccharides such as the starches and glycogen are long chains of sugars, often with branches. Both cellulose and glycogen are polysaccharides composed of glucose subunits. Some microorganisms can use cellulose as a food source but humans cannot. Why? The glucose subunits of cellulose are linked differently than those of glycogen. While humans have the enzyme that breaks the bonds between the glucose subunits of glycogen, we lack the enzyme that breaks the bonds between the glucose subunits of cellulose. *NOTE - Page 583 and 584 in your text book has more info on ruminants! How is it that they can degrade cellulose while we can not?
5 III. Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA) Question #1: Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Is the nucleotide shown here a building block for RNA or DNA? This nucleotide contains a 2-deoxyribose sugar and is thus a deoxyribonucleotide. It is therefore a building block for DNA. RNA, in contrast, is built from ribonucleotides that contain ribose sugars. *Don t forget that it is the 2 carbon that makes the difference. In this case, it has no hydroxyl!
6 Question #2: Of the nitrogenous bases shown below, which are purines? which is generally only found in DNA? RNA? A and G are purines, T, C and U are pyrimidines. *trick to remember: All Good Girls are Pure! Thymine is generally only found in DNA and uracil in RNA.
7 Question #3: Nucleotide subunits can be joined via a covalent bond as follows: What is the name of the linkage that connects these residues? a. β-o-glycosidic linkage b. 3-5 phosphodiester linkage c. 3-5 phosphoanhydride linkage d. β-n-dinucleoside linkage b Comment: The above molecule has polarity (directionality)!! The top is termed the 5 end and the phosphate the 5 phosphate. The bottom is the 3 end (3 hydroxyl). No matter how long this chain of nucleotides grows, the chain will always have a 5 end and a 3 end.
8 Question #4: It was just over 50 years ago that Watson and Crick marched into a pub and announced that they had determined the structure of DNA. a. Do the two strands of DNA run parallel to one another? b. What type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? What is it called when these bonds are broken? c. What are the base pairing rules? The bond between which base pair is stronger? d. Because of the base pairing rules, one strand of DNA can always serve as the template for the synthesis of another. What is the correct complimentary DNA strand to 3 GCTTAATCGCA5? a. No, the two strands of DNA have opposite directionality, they are antiparallel b. H-bonds, denaturation or melting c. G pairs with C and A with T. Three H-bonds hold the GC pair together and only two hold the AT pair together thus the GC bond is stronger. d. 5 CGAATTAGCGT3 See Fig in your text book!
9 IV. Lipids Question #1: List two functions of lipids 1. Components of biological membranes 2. Energy storage 3. Thermal insulation and padding 4. Surface protection 5. Cell signaling and recognition Question #2: Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids and waxes are all lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the storage form of fatty acids. Based on the following structure, speculate as to why these molecules are so efficient at energy storage.
10 The fatty acyl side chains of a TAG are highly reduced and thus have lots of high energy C-C and C-H bonds. They are packed with power!! Also, because TAGs are highly hydrophobic and uncharged, they can be stored in an anhydrous (unsolvated) form in cells - very efficient packing. FATS ARE LIKE BACKPACKING FOOD - They are high energy and dehydrated so they are light weight (efficient fuel)! Question #3: Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipid in membranes. Based on the following structure, predict the orientation of these molecules within a membrane. Draw a sketch.
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