Basic Building Blocks of Cells Course 1 / Lecture 119
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1 Basic Building Blocks of Cells Course 1 / Lecture 119 vladimira.kvasnicova@lf3.cuni.cz Department of biochemistry the 4 th floor office 411
2 Biogenic elements = elements essential for structure and function of organisms macrobiogenic elements: C O H N Ca P S Na Cl K Mg over 0,005 % of body mass recommended daily intake over 100 mg blood concentration more than micromolar microbiogenic (trace) elements Fe Cu Zn Se F I Co Cr Mn Mo Si V less than 0,005 % of body mass recommended daily intake less than 100 mg blood concentration: micromolar or lower
3 Chemical composition of human body (mass %) 60% water (2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular) 18% proteins, peptides, amino acids 15% lipids (mainly triacylglycerols of fatty tissue) 1% saccharides (poly- and monosaccharides) 1% nucleic acids, nucleotides 5% mineral substances
4 Chemical composition of cells mass% - water polar solvent, most of chemical reactions in a human body take place in aqueous solutions mass% - organic compounds a) high molecular weight (proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen) b) low molecular weight (glucose, lipids, amino acids, metabolic intermediates e.g. organic acids derivatives) 3. 5 mass% - inorganic compounds
5 Organic building blocks of cells monomer (basic unit) amino acid (21) nucleotide (4) monosaccharide isoprene biopolymers (macromolecules) proteins nucleic acids polysaccharides terpenes phosphodiester b. glycosidic bonds C-C bonds bonds (covalent) peptide bonds phospholipid triacylglycerol aggregates micelles, bilayers lipid droplets x x
6
7 This lecture concentrates on structure, properties and functions of saccharides lipids nucleotides individual lectures: Structure of proteins (124) Structure of nucleic acids (132) Structure and function of membranes (137)
8 Saccharides (= carbohydrates) monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones aldoses /ketoses linear or cyclic monosaccharides linear or branched polysaccharides (= glycans) include chiral carbon(s) optical isomerism -OH, -CHO can be oxidized to COOH - CHO can be reduced to -OH low-molecular sacharides are water soluble and sweet energy for cells, structural and signal functions
9 Saccharides (carbohydrates, glycides) = polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones D-glucose D-fructose
10 deoxysaccharides 2-deoxy-D-ribose amino saccharides D-glucose amine NH 2 The figures have been adopted from Harper s Biochemistry
11 GLUCOSE central role chiral carbon The figures have been adopted from Harper s Biochemistry a z (April 2007)
12 O-glycosidic bond The figure is found at (October 2007)
13 GLYCOGEN (Glc) n OH nonreducing end reducing end The figure is found at (October 2007)
14 CELLULOSE β-glc(1 4)Glc The figures are found at (October 2007)
15 Lipids = group of biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions (they are hydrophobic, lipophilic - nonpolar structures predominate in their molecules - soluble in nonpolar solvents structural components of biological membranes energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG = neutral fat) excellent mechanical and thermal insulators biologically active compounds (vitamins, hormones, bile acids, visual pigment)
16 Lipids adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005
17 Structural components of lipids alcohols glycerol (a) sfingosine (b) cholesterol (c) inositol (d) a) b) c) d) long chain monocarboxylic acids (= fatty acids) The figures are adopted from (April 2007)
18 Fatty acids found in lipids mostly contain even number of carbons and cis double bonds. The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005
19 Double bond is rigid, it affect a spatial structure of unsaturated acids The figure was adopted from (April 2007)
20 Structure of lipids fatty acids are bound to glycerol by ester bonds individual lecture The figure is found at (Jan 2007)
21 The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005
22 ISOPRENOIDS 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene = isoprene (polyisoprene) squalene (C 30 = triterpene) The figure is found at 2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg (Jan 2007)
23 Naming isoprenoids: monoterpenes (C 10 ) sesquiterpenes (C 15 ) diterpenes (C 20 ) triterpenes (C 30 ) tetraterpenes (C 40 ) 2 x isoprene 3 x isoprene 4 x isoprene 6 x isoprene 8 x isoprene isoprenes are bound either head to tail or tail to tail terpenes have different degree of unsaturation and variety of functional groups
24 Nucleotides = heterocyclic N-containing base (pyrimidine or purine) + sugar (pentose) + phosphoric acid(s) base nucleoside (base + sugar) nucleotide abbreviation adenine adenosine adenosine monodi-tri phosphate AMP, ADP, ATP guanine guanosine guanosine monodi-tri phosphate GMP, GDP, GTP cytosine cytidine cytidine monodi-tri phosphate CMP, CDP, CTP thymine thymidine thymidine monodi-tri phosphate TMP, TDP, TTP uracil uridine uridine mono-ditri phosphate UMP, UDP, UTP
25 PURINE BASES purine The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN
26 PYRIMIDINE BASES pyrimidine The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN
27 ribonucleoside deoxyribonucleoside N-glycosidic bond The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN
28 ribonucleosides deoxyribonucleoside The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, ISBN
29 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ester bond N-glycosidic bond anhydride bonds ribose Obrázek převzat z (říjen 2007)
30 Recommended literature
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